NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways
... SAR signal transduction SA accumulates in non-infected plant tissues that perceive the long-distance SAR signal, resulting in the upregulation of a large set of defensive genes, including those that encode PR proteins [1,22]. Besides the direct activation of SA-responsive PR genes, SAR is also assoc ...
... SAR signal transduction SA accumulates in non-infected plant tissues that perceive the long-distance SAR signal, resulting in the upregulation of a large set of defensive genes, including those that encode PR proteins [1,22]. Besides the direct activation of SA-responsive PR genes, SAR is also assoc ...
GRE BIOCHEMISTRY TEST PRACTICE BOOK
... Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test. The raw subscores are scaled in such a way that they are related to the total scores on the test. On the average, a person who has a comprehensive background in the field can expect to have subscores equal to about one-tenth of his or her total score. T ...
... Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test. The raw subscores are scaled in such a way that they are related to the total scores on the test. On the average, a person who has a comprehensive background in the field can expect to have subscores equal to about one-tenth of his or her total score. T ...
ZOO-302CR:(1.4)CELL DIVISION AND CELL CYCLE
... Fig. 1. The five distinct phases of the cell cycle are each controlled by specific cyclin/CDK complexes. The cyclin/CDK complexes in turn are negatively regulated by CIP/KIP and INK4 CDKI family members. E2F transcription factors function at the restriction point (R), leading to the activation of ge ...
... Fig. 1. The five distinct phases of the cell cycle are each controlled by specific cyclin/CDK complexes. The cyclin/CDK complexes in turn are negatively regulated by CIP/KIP and INK4 CDKI family members. E2F transcription factors function at the restriction point (R), leading to the activation of ge ...
Protein Posttranslational Modifications: The Chemistry of Proteome
... phosphoproteomes of higher eukaryotes, in which phosphorylation sites can be predicted but, as yet, cannot be completely measured. For example, the enzymatic activity of Abl protein kinase is modulated by phosphorylation at up to 11 distinct residues (Tyr, Thr, Ser; Figure 2). Introduction of the ch ...
... phosphoproteomes of higher eukaryotes, in which phosphorylation sites can be predicted but, as yet, cannot be completely measured. For example, the enzymatic activity of Abl protein kinase is modulated by phosphorylation at up to 11 distinct residues (Tyr, Thr, Ser; Figure 2). Introduction of the ch ...
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... various families of soluble inhibitors that interfere with the interactions between ligands and receptors. In an unbiased, genome-wide RNAi screen to identify genes involved in ligand-dependent signaling, we unexpectedly identified the BMP/Activin/Nodal inhibitor Coco as an enhancer of TGFβ1 signali ...
... various families of soluble inhibitors that interfere with the interactions between ligands and receptors. In an unbiased, genome-wide RNAi screen to identify genes involved in ligand-dependent signaling, we unexpectedly identified the BMP/Activin/Nodal inhibitor Coco as an enhancer of TGFβ1 signali ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... researchers have proposed a theoretical model: Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex can act as a rheostat in autophagic regulation. Autophagy is a necessary adaptive response to nutrition deficiencies and other types of cell stress. Without autophagy cells are less resilient and loose viability when exposed to del ...
... researchers have proposed a theoretical model: Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex can act as a rheostat in autophagic regulation. Autophagy is a necessary adaptive response to nutrition deficiencies and other types of cell stress. Without autophagy cells are less resilient and loose viability when exposed to del ...
Proteomic Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Biofilms
... stationary phase planktonic cells [29]. While some overarching themes have emerged from these studies, it is also becoming clear that patterns of gene and protein expression in bacterial biofilms are organism-specific and are likely influenced by the environmental niche occupied by the organism. We ...
... stationary phase planktonic cells [29]. While some overarching themes have emerged from these studies, it is also becoming clear that patterns of gene and protein expression in bacterial biofilms are organism-specific and are likely influenced by the environmental niche occupied by the organism. We ...
Is β-pleated sheet the molecular conformation which dictates
... soft cuticles. It also revealed that several proteins were very similar (Willis, 1999). For this analysis only one among two close ‘relatives’ was included. Three proteins that had an ambiguous placement on the cladogram and belonged to unknown or intermediate cuticle types were also excluded prior ...
... soft cuticles. It also revealed that several proteins were very similar (Willis, 1999). For this analysis only one among two close ‘relatives’ was included. Three proteins that had an ambiguous placement on the cladogram and belonged to unknown or intermediate cuticle types were also excluded prior ...
Human Origins
... © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 ...
... © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 ...
ATP-binding site as a further application of neural network
... residues in catalytic sites of E. coli ATP synthase was shown to improve the catalytic activity by ten times [4,] while negatively charged residues were found to abrogate the Pi binding in the same catalytic site [7, 8]. Knowledge of specific amino acids involved in ATP binding plays crucial role in ...
... residues in catalytic sites of E. coli ATP synthase was shown to improve the catalytic activity by ten times [4,] while negatively charged residues were found to abrogate the Pi binding in the same catalytic site [7, 8]. Knowledge of specific amino acids involved in ATP binding plays crucial role in ...
A Sweet Synthesis - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... Likewise, the discovery6 that insects have a genetic system of dorso-ventral specification similar to that of vertebrates — only inverted — gave Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire a new celebrity. Lowe et al.1 build on this idea by showing that hemichordates exploit this same system in their development based o ...
... Likewise, the discovery6 that insects have a genetic system of dorso-ventral specification similar to that of vertebrates — only inverted — gave Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire a new celebrity. Lowe et al.1 build on this idea by showing that hemichordates exploit this same system in their development based o ...
The Molecules of Movement
... is due to a large number of bridges acting together. Force depends on the: o proportion of bridges that are attached o Force each attached bridge produces. If the velocity is too great, the myosin heads do not have as much time to form cross-bridges, which may result is less force ...
... is due to a large number of bridges acting together. Force depends on the: o proportion of bridges that are attached o Force each attached bridge produces. If the velocity is too great, the myosin heads do not have as much time to form cross-bridges, which may result is less force ...
Crystallization and X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of Wild
... the precipitant solution plus 20% glycerol. Diffraction data (Table 1) were obtained and processed using the programs DENZO and SCALEPACK (Otwinowski, 1993). The wild-type data were collected to 2.5 Å resolution at 100 K. A total of 567,474 measured reflections were merged into 17,264 unique reflect ...
... the precipitant solution plus 20% glycerol. Diffraction data (Table 1) were obtained and processed using the programs DENZO and SCALEPACK (Otwinowski, 1993). The wild-type data were collected to 2.5 Å resolution at 100 K. A total of 567,474 measured reflections were merged into 17,264 unique reflect ...
Sugar Transport in (Hyper-)Thermophilic Archaea
... which coincide with the two transport families (Fig. 3). One class shows homology to MalE of E. coli, and therefore belong to the CUT1 family, while the other class is homologous to oligopeptide binding proteins (OppA). Archaeal binding proteins of the CUT1 family contain at their amino-terminus a s ...
... which coincide with the two transport families (Fig. 3). One class shows homology to MalE of E. coli, and therefore belong to the CUT1 family, while the other class is homologous to oligopeptide binding proteins (OppA). Archaeal binding proteins of the CUT1 family contain at their amino-terminus a s ...
Functional characterization of dosage‐dependent lethal mutation of
... heat stress and exposure to cycloheximide. Furthermore, its expression had a negative effect on the degradation of substrates of the ubiquitin fusion degradation pathway. However, UbEP42 is incorporated into polyubiquitin chains. Collectively, our results establish that the effects seen with the mut ...
... heat stress and exposure to cycloheximide. Furthermore, its expression had a negative effect on the degradation of substrates of the ubiquitin fusion degradation pathway. However, UbEP42 is incorporated into polyubiquitin chains. Collectively, our results establish that the effects seen with the mut ...
Gene Expression Profiling During Asexual Development of the Late
... array and analysis pipeline. To evaluate how many genes were detectable, hybridizations were performed using RNA from 89 tissues. These included the developmental stages addressed by this article (germinated and ungerminated asexual spores, plus hyphae), other stages such as oosporogenesis (Prakob a ...
... array and analysis pipeline. To evaluate how many genes were detectable, hybridizations were performed using RNA from 89 tissues. These included the developmental stages addressed by this article (germinated and ungerminated asexual spores, plus hyphae), other stages such as oosporogenesis (Prakob a ...
Poon, Andy: Predicting Phosphorylation: A critique of the NetPhos program and potential alternatives
... phosphates because they all contain a hydroxyl group in their side chains which are deprotonated at physiological pH, such that the oxyanion can act as a nucleophile to attack a phosphate from ATP. However, not all serines (S), threonines (T), and tyrosines (Y) are susceptible to phosphorylation. Th ...
... phosphates because they all contain a hydroxyl group in their side chains which are deprotonated at physiological pH, such that the oxyanion can act as a nucleophile to attack a phosphate from ATP. However, not all serines (S), threonines (T), and tyrosines (Y) are susceptible to phosphorylation. Th ...
The Calcium-Binding Activity of a Vacuole
... in a partial activation of calcium-binding activity. The vacuole localization, calcium binding, and phosphorylation of VCaB45 suggest potential functions. ...
... in a partial activation of calcium-binding activity. The vacuole localization, calcium binding, and phosphorylation of VCaB45 suggest potential functions. ...
Spermatogenesis-preventing substance - Development
... proliferation of spermatogonia and proceeds through extensive morphological changes that convert the haploid spermatid into a mature, functional spermatozoon. Although the process of spermatogenesis is the same in both mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates, its control mechanisms are not well under ...
... proliferation of spermatogonia and proceeds through extensive morphological changes that convert the haploid spermatid into a mature, functional spermatozoon. Although the process of spermatogenesis is the same in both mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates, its control mechanisms are not well under ...
The Diversity of Lysine-Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia coli
... modifying or regulating the activities of various enzymes involved in critical metabolic processes and the synthesis of building blocks in response to environmental changes. Keywords: Escherichia coli ...
... modifying or regulating the activities of various enzymes involved in critical metabolic processes and the synthesis of building blocks in response to environmental changes. Keywords: Escherichia coli ...
Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,...
... APLP2 in neurons induces elongation of neurites. The effect on neurite outgrowth is mediated by secreted APP, which competes with full length APP for binding to integrin b1 (Young-Pearse et al. 2008). In addition to these studies, we, and others identified Notch 2, as a binding partner of APP (Fassa ...
... APLP2 in neurons induces elongation of neurites. The effect on neurite outgrowth is mediated by secreted APP, which competes with full length APP for binding to integrin b1 (Young-Pearse et al. 2008). In addition to these studies, we, and others identified Notch 2, as a binding partner of APP (Fassa ...
1X Equilibration/Wash Buffer (pH 7.0)
... 1. Seed culture - Inoculate 5 ml of LB medium containing the appropriate antibiotics (ampicillin) with a fresh bacterial colony harboring the expression plasmid. Grow at 37°C 2. Main culture - Dilute the non-induced overnight culture 1:100 (e.g., inoculate 25 ml medium with 250 μl overnight culture) ...
... 1. Seed culture - Inoculate 5 ml of LB medium containing the appropriate antibiotics (ampicillin) with a fresh bacterial colony harboring the expression plasmid. Grow at 37°C 2. Main culture - Dilute the non-induced overnight culture 1:100 (e.g., inoculate 25 ml medium with 250 μl overnight culture) ...
Module 1 : Introduction to the study of man
... complexes. Appreciate that cell organelles are assembled using macromolecular complexes Identify molecular complexes found in the nucleus, ribosome and the membrane. ...
... complexes. Appreciate that cell organelles are assembled using macromolecular complexes Identify molecular complexes found in the nucleus, ribosome and the membrane. ...
Maintenance of ZPA signaling in cultured mouse limb bud cells
... 1991). Thus, a signal similar to that derived from the posterior limb bud appears to be utilized extensively throughout embryogenesis. In the limb bud, ZPA signaling is controlled both spatially and temporally. Using chick tissue, maps of ZPA signaling have been established for different development ...
... 1991). Thus, a signal similar to that derived from the posterior limb bud appears to be utilized extensively throughout embryogenesis. In the limb bud, ZPA signaling is controlled both spatially and temporally. Using chick tissue, maps of ZPA signaling have been established for different development ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.