Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only expressed in cotyledons but through the entire plant, we have to assume that there is no redundancy with other members of the gene family. Furthermore, the different ...
... reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only expressed in cotyledons but through the entire plant, we have to assume that there is no redundancy with other members of the gene family. Furthermore, the different ...
Side-chain hydrophobicity scale derived from transmembrane
... transmembrane scaffold on which to introduce amino acid side chains of our choice at various membrane depths. We selected OmpLA because it: (a) spontaneously folds and inserts into lipid membranes from a solubilized unfolded state (14), (b) has a known three-dimensional structure (Fig. 1A) (15), and ...
... transmembrane scaffold on which to introduce amino acid side chains of our choice at various membrane depths. We selected OmpLA because it: (a) spontaneously folds and inserts into lipid membranes from a solubilized unfolded state (14), (b) has a known three-dimensional structure (Fig. 1A) (15), and ...
34750 - Radboud Repository
... transformation. To address this issue, we used an evolutionary approach to find genes derived from the ancestor of mitochondria. By identifying eukaryotic genes that are closely related to alphaproteobacterial ones, we reconstructed a set of genes derived from the mitochondrial ancestor. We used tha ...
... transformation. To address this issue, we used an evolutionary approach to find genes derived from the ancestor of mitochondria. By identifying eukaryotic genes that are closely related to alphaproteobacterial ones, we reconstructed a set of genes derived from the mitochondrial ancestor. We used tha ...
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of the Chicken
... 1991), the cysteine-rich intestinal protein (CRIP) t (Birkenmeier and Gordon, 1986), and the human cysteine-rich protein (hCRP) (Liebhaber et al., 1990). Interestingly, several of these non-homeodomain LIM proteins exhibit developmentally regulated expression. For instance, the level of mRNA encodin ...
... 1991), the cysteine-rich intestinal protein (CRIP) t (Birkenmeier and Gordon, 1986), and the human cysteine-rich protein (hCRP) (Liebhaber et al., 1990). Interestingly, several of these non-homeodomain LIM proteins exhibit developmentally regulated expression. For instance, the level of mRNA encodin ...
Protein thermostability in Archaea and Eubacteria
... 2001; Bao et al., 2002). Since these prokaryotes live under extreme conditions, certain characteristic features have enabled them to survive in these environments. Some of these features are modifications in the metabolic pathways: for example, the synthesis of co-factors such as heme, acetyl CoA, a ...
... 2001; Bao et al., 2002). Since these prokaryotes live under extreme conditions, certain characteristic features have enabled them to survive in these environments. Some of these features are modifications in the metabolic pathways: for example, the synthesis of co-factors such as heme, acetyl CoA, a ...
The Proteins of the Keratin Component of Bird`s Beaks
... these proteins show an overall similarity in composition. This is particularly evident in their contents of glycine (about 30 residues %), tyrosine, serine and proline which together account for 55-60 % of the total residues. Their content of half-cystine, determined as S-carboxymethyl cysteine, is ...
... these proteins show an overall similarity in composition. This is particularly evident in their contents of glycine (about 30 residues %), tyrosine, serine and proline which together account for 55-60 % of the total residues. Their content of half-cystine, determined as S-carboxymethyl cysteine, is ...
Full Text
... modulating anesthetic potency converge on and line this cavity. This suggests that the binding sites for volatile anesthetics in the LGICs are the cavities formed within the core of transmembrane four-helix bundles. For many years since the era of Meyer and Overton,1,2 the mechanisms of anesthetic a ...
... modulating anesthetic potency converge on and line this cavity. This suggests that the binding sites for volatile anesthetics in the LGICs are the cavities formed within the core of transmembrane four-helix bundles. For many years since the era of Meyer and Overton,1,2 the mechanisms of anesthetic a ...
RA/FGF control Meis in PD limb development
... axis is essential for the correct distalization of limb cells, the mechanisms involved must play a central role in PD limb specification. Although combinations of distal diffusible factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plus FGF, or BMP plus Wnt, have been shown to inhibit Meis expression ...
... axis is essential for the correct distalization of limb cells, the mechanisms involved must play a central role in PD limb specification. Although combinations of distal diffusible factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plus FGF, or BMP plus Wnt, have been shown to inhibit Meis expression ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... released Ca2⫹ from thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular stores only during activation of muscarinic receptors. Agonists with low efficacy for muscarinic receptor-mediated Ca2⫹ responses facilitated cross-talk more effectively than full agonists. The ...
... released Ca2⫹ from thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular stores only during activation of muscarinic receptors. Agonists with low efficacy for muscarinic receptor-mediated Ca2⫹ responses facilitated cross-talk more effectively than full agonists. The ...
Crystal structure of mouse coronavirus receptor
... The Coronaviridae family of large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses consists of at least three major genera or groups (Table S1). Aminopeptidase-N (APN) is the receptor for porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), and human coronavirus 229E ...
... The Coronaviridae family of large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses consists of at least three major genera or groups (Table S1). Aminopeptidase-N (APN) is the receptor for porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), and human coronavirus 229E ...
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... Thus, Wnt signaling is required for the induction of posterior structures. β-Catenin-dependent Wnt signal transduction is a multi-step process that consists of several molecular components. It is initiated by secreted Wnt glycoproteins that bind to transmembrane Frizzled receptors (Angers and Moon, ...
... Thus, Wnt signaling is required for the induction of posterior structures. β-Catenin-dependent Wnt signal transduction is a multi-step process that consists of several molecular components. It is initiated by secreted Wnt glycoproteins that bind to transmembrane Frizzled receptors (Angers and Moon, ...
Aerobic Glycolysis: Meeting the Metabolic Requirements of Cell
... Each purine nucleotide (ATP, GTP, dATP, and dGTP) synthesized by the cell requires the assimilation of 10 carbons from the extracellular environment (Figure 1 and Table 2). Half of the purine nucleotide carbon is derived from 5-phosphoribosyl-α-pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated version of ribose-5 ...
... Each purine nucleotide (ATP, GTP, dATP, and dGTP) synthesized by the cell requires the assimilation of 10 carbons from the extracellular environment (Figure 1 and Table 2). Half of the purine nucleotide carbon is derived from 5-phosphoribosyl-α-pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated version of ribose-5 ...
Topology and Phosphorylation of Soybean Nodulin
... This phosphorylation is mediated by a Ca2+-dependent, calmodulin-independent protein kinase located in the peribacteroid membrane. Externally supplied acid phosphatase dephosphorylates this protein, but alkaline phosphatase does not. Based on its homology with several eukaryotic and prokaryotic chan ...
... This phosphorylation is mediated by a Ca2+-dependent, calmodulin-independent protein kinase located in the peribacteroid membrane. Externally supplied acid phosphatase dephosphorylates this protein, but alkaline phosphatase does not. Based on its homology with several eukaryotic and prokaryotic chan ...
Article Lateral Gene Transfer and Gene
... Hackstein 2005). Phylogenetic analysis of components required for extended glycolysis (PFO and hydrogenase) coupled with their patchy distribution in the eukaryotic tree suggests that the corresponding genes were acquired most likely by lateral gene transfer (LGT) initially from bacteria and then su ...
... Hackstein 2005). Phylogenetic analysis of components required for extended glycolysis (PFO and hydrogenase) coupled with their patchy distribution in the eukaryotic tree suggests that the corresponding genes were acquired most likely by lateral gene transfer (LGT) initially from bacteria and then su ...
Protein aggregation and amyloid fibril formation prediction software
... obtained from the SCOP database [37], containing proteins which belong to the four main SCOP classes (classes a, b, c and d, which are all-a, all-b, a ⁄ b and a + b proteins, respectively) [36]. The observed packing density for each amino acid residue is defined as the number of amino acid residues i ...
... obtained from the SCOP database [37], containing proteins which belong to the four main SCOP classes (classes a, b, c and d, which are all-a, all-b, a ⁄ b and a + b proteins, respectively) [36]. The observed packing density for each amino acid residue is defined as the number of amino acid residues i ...
Enzyme changes in malnutrition - Journal of Clinical Pathology
... malnutrition plasma cholinesterase levels followed fairly closely those of albumin. In the malnourished infants the activity of this enzyme was reduced in the liver as well as in the plasma. In the next few years, measurements of this kind were extended to a number of other enzymes which can be dete ...
... malnutrition plasma cholinesterase levels followed fairly closely those of albumin. In the malnourished infants the activity of this enzyme was reduced in the liver as well as in the plasma. In the next few years, measurements of this kind were extended to a number of other enzymes which can be dete ...
Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of
... Figure 2. Early Phototropic Signaling Events Involved in the Regulation of Auxin Transport That Leads to a Differential Gradient of the Hormone. (A) Hypocotyl cell in darkness. Auxin is moving from the cell wall space to the cytoplasm across the plasma membrane (thick black line) either passively (a ...
... Figure 2. Early Phototropic Signaling Events Involved in the Regulation of Auxin Transport That Leads to a Differential Gradient of the Hormone. (A) Hypocotyl cell in darkness. Auxin is moving from the cell wall space to the cytoplasm across the plasma membrane (thick black line) either passively (a ...
Dark Reactions
... Recall the oxygenase activity of rubisco. Under normal conditions the rate of the carboxylase reaction is 4 times faster than the oxygenase reaction. Normal conditions being P = 1 atm, T = 25 oC, [CO2] = 10 µM and [O2] = 250 µM. When the temperature increases the rate of the oxygenase activity incre ...
... Recall the oxygenase activity of rubisco. Under normal conditions the rate of the carboxylase reaction is 4 times faster than the oxygenase reaction. Normal conditions being P = 1 atm, T = 25 oC, [CO2] = 10 µM and [O2] = 250 µM. When the temperature increases the rate of the oxygenase activity incre ...
Regulation of secondary metabolism in fungi
... It should also be noted that the onset of patulin—forming enzymes by P. urticae can be delayed for hours by provision of too great a concentration of nitrogen source (2). ...
... It should also be noted that the onset of patulin—forming enzymes by P. urticae can be delayed for hours by provision of too great a concentration of nitrogen source (2). ...
University of Groningen Structure and mechanism of the ECF
... the BioM like proteins were the elusive energy coupling factor that interacts with various substrate specific proteins. A large-scale bioinformatics analysis was performed to search for additional vitamin-binding proteins and putative energy coupling factors (108). A total of 365 genomes were search ...
... the BioM like proteins were the elusive energy coupling factor that interacts with various substrate specific proteins. A large-scale bioinformatics analysis was performed to search for additional vitamin-binding proteins and putative energy coupling factors (108). A total of 365 genomes were search ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
... T cells become activated through a combination of antigen-specific signals from the T cell receptor (TCR) along with antigen-independent signals from co-signaling receptors. Two sets of cosignaling receptors are expressed on T cell surface: co-stimulatory receptors, which deliver positive signals th ...
... T cells become activated through a combination of antigen-specific signals from the T cell receptor (TCR) along with antigen-independent signals from co-signaling receptors. Two sets of cosignaling receptors are expressed on T cell surface: co-stimulatory receptors, which deliver positive signals th ...
Protein Requirements of Pregnant and Lactating Women
... curves in that report showed that for countries such as India, during pregnancy – something that might be obscured by the the GWG was between 8 and 10 kg at term, for birth weights weight gain due to the fetus as well as to fluid gain and fat acranging from < 2500 to > 3000 g, in women whose mean he ...
... curves in that report showed that for countries such as India, during pregnancy – something that might be obscured by the the GWG was between 8 and 10 kg at term, for birth weights weight gain due to the fetus as well as to fluid gain and fat acranging from < 2500 to > 3000 g, in women whose mean he ...
Proteins and Albumin
... short arm of chromosome 11. In the gene, an adenosine residue is replaced by a threonine, resulting in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 in the hemoglobin protein.3 The mutation causes hemoglobin to polymerize in oxygen-deficient conditions, distorting the red blood cells in ...
... short arm of chromosome 11. In the gene, an adenosine residue is replaced by a threonine, resulting in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 in the hemoglobin protein.3 The mutation causes hemoglobin to polymerize in oxygen-deficient conditions, distorting the red blood cells in ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... proteins. Given the extraordinary complexity and diversity of MAPK regulation and function, it is critical that the efficiency and selectivity of MAPK pathways be preserved. Scaffold proteins bind and sequester select MAPK pathway components, and thereby help to maintain pathway integrity and to per ...
... proteins. Given the extraordinary complexity and diversity of MAPK regulation and function, it is critical that the efficiency and selectivity of MAPK pathways be preserved. Scaffold proteins bind and sequester select MAPK pathway components, and thereby help to maintain pathway integrity and to per ...
Identification of the tRNA-binding Protein Arc1p as a Novel Target of
... or holo-(trans)carboxylase synthetase (HCS) (4 – 6). The genes encoding this enzyme are BPL1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5), birA in Escherichia coli (4), and HCS in mammals (6). Evaluation of the available completed genome sequences suggests that there is usually only one single biotin:protein lig ...
... or holo-(trans)carboxylase synthetase (HCS) (4 – 6). The genes encoding this enzyme are BPL1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5), birA in Escherichia coli (4), and HCS in mammals (6). Evaluation of the available completed genome sequences suggests that there is usually only one single biotin:protein lig ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.