... Type Culture Collection (Manassa, VA). Approximately 1×106 viable cells (HC11 cells or Mac-T cells) were incubated in 1 mL of Krebs buffer containing 20 mmol/L HEPES, 5 mmol/L D-glucose, 0.3 mmol/L NH4Cl, 5 µL of 20 U/mL insulin, and 0, 0.5 or 2 L-leucine plus L-[1-14C]- or L-[U-14C]-labeled leucine ...
Dicot and monocot plants differ in retinoblastoma
... Similarly, as in animals, RBR proteins can be phosphorylated by cyclin–CDK complexes in plants (Nakagami et al., 1999; Boniotti and Gutiérrez, 2001; Nakagami et al., 2002). Only limited data are available on the mechanisms controlling the amounts of the RBR proteins and the expression pattern of th ...
... Similarly, as in animals, RBR proteins can be phosphorylated by cyclin–CDK complexes in plants (Nakagami et al., 1999; Boniotti and Gutiérrez, 2001; Nakagami et al., 2002). Only limited data are available on the mechanisms controlling the amounts of the RBR proteins and the expression pattern of th ...
MAPK Phosphatase AP2C3 Induces Ectopic Proliferation of
... transcription factors that are successively ushering cells though the steps of stomata lineage: SPEECHLESS (SPCH) - initiation;, MUTE - proliferation; and FAMA - stomata differentiation [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect ...
... transcription factors that are successively ushering cells though the steps of stomata lineage: SPEECHLESS (SPCH) - initiation;, MUTE - proliferation; and FAMA - stomata differentiation [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect ...
Supplemental Text
... but also no increase of GSSG formation (indicator for the mitochondrial oxidant stress). In striking contrast, GSH injected at 90 min or later still protected but showed elevated ...
... but also no increase of GSSG formation (indicator for the mitochondrial oxidant stress). In striking contrast, GSH injected at 90 min or later still protected but showed elevated ...
Chapter 20. Proteins
... neighboring atoms in -OH, -NH2 groups. The hydrongen atoms are attracted to the extra electrons and tend to stay in the vicinity of the oxygen or nitrogen. . This is not a covalent bond, but large numbers of them can add significantly to the stability of a protein. Hydrophobic interactions (water ha ...
... neighboring atoms in -OH, -NH2 groups. The hydrongen atoms are attracted to the extra electrons and tend to stay in the vicinity of the oxygen or nitrogen. . This is not a covalent bond, but large numbers of them can add significantly to the stability of a protein. Hydrophobic interactions (water ha ...
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the
... The Janus kinase cascade is a ubiquitous intracellular signaling pathway required for response to many extracellular ligands. The pathway includes receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and their substrate transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). The JA ...
... The Janus kinase cascade is a ubiquitous intracellular signaling pathway required for response to many extracellular ligands. The pathway includes receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and their substrate transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). The JA ...
Ovarian physiology: follicle development, oocyte and hormone
... to the combination of FSH and TGF-β1. The expression of FKHR mRNA by granulosa cells was significantly reduced in the presence of both FSH and TGF-β1, individually and in combination regimes. In contrast, the expression of steroidogenic enzymes/proteins was largely unaffected by TGF-β1. These data s ...
... to the combination of FSH and TGF-β1. The expression of FKHR mRNA by granulosa cells was significantly reduced in the presence of both FSH and TGF-β1, individually and in combination regimes. In contrast, the expression of steroidogenic enzymes/proteins was largely unaffected by TGF-β1. These data s ...
Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses
... generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3-phosphoglycerate from C-3 to C-2; 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the muta ...
... generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. • The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3-phosphoglycerate from C-3 to C-2; 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the muta ...
Distribution of major serum proteins in an airbrea
... globulin Hp that normally binds free hemoglobin in plasma has recently been found to form complexes, which possess trypanolytic activity in human sera [23]. In view of an unusual role of fish TF in controlling pathogeneicity, extra significance of fish Hp in defense related mechanisms can not be rul ...
... globulin Hp that normally binds free hemoglobin in plasma has recently been found to form complexes, which possess trypanolytic activity in human sera [23]. In view of an unusual role of fish TF in controlling pathogeneicity, extra significance of fish Hp in defense related mechanisms can not be rul ...
1 - Plant Research International
... exposed to radioactive intermediates followed by extraction and HPLC analysis to establish where in the cell the different pathways operate and if there is a site of synthesis with a separate site of accumulation. Sulphur Biochemistry Workpackage: Genes for CSO synthesis The genes responsible for th ...
... exposed to radioactive intermediates followed by extraction and HPLC analysis to establish where in the cell the different pathways operate and if there is a site of synthesis with a separate site of accumulation. Sulphur Biochemistry Workpackage: Genes for CSO synthesis The genes responsible for th ...
Autotrophic growth on methanol by bacteria isolated from activated
... lyase, or the key enzyme of the ribulose monophosphate cycle, 3-hexulose phosphate synthase. Hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, both NADH- and NADPH-dependent was found; however, its level was similar in methanol- or glucose-grown cells. This suggests that in these bacteria hydroxypyruvate reductas ...
... lyase, or the key enzyme of the ribulose monophosphate cycle, 3-hexulose phosphate synthase. Hydroxypyruvate reductase activity, both NADH- and NADPH-dependent was found; however, its level was similar in methanol- or glucose-grown cells. This suggests that in these bacteria hydroxypyruvate reductas ...
Thermal unfolding of proteins at high pH range studied by UV
... The UV absorbance changes following tyrosyl ionization can be used to monitor protein unfolding. Buried tyrosine residues are not affected by the pH. The unfolding of the protein molecule leads to the exposure of these residues at the protein surface and therefore tyrosyl ionization is detected. In ...
... The UV absorbance changes following tyrosyl ionization can be used to monitor protein unfolding. Buried tyrosine residues are not affected by the pH. The unfolding of the protein molecule leads to the exposure of these residues at the protein surface and therefore tyrosyl ionization is detected. In ...
Protein Malnutrition - MSUD Family Support Group
... In most children with MSUD, because of the nature of the disorder and its dietary therapy, nutritional problems usually involve proteins and their component parts, the amino acids. For that reason, this discussion will be limited to protein and amino acid malnutrition. Proteins are associated with a ...
... In most children with MSUD, because of the nature of the disorder and its dietary therapy, nutritional problems usually involve proteins and their component parts, the amino acids. For that reason, this discussion will be limited to protein and amino acid malnutrition. Proteins are associated with a ...
Hyaluronic acid influence on platelet-induced airway smooth muscle cell proliferation
... Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is expressed throughout the body including the lung and mostly in areas surrounding proliferating and migrating cells. Furthermore, platelets have been implicated as important players in the airway remodeling pr ...
... Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is expressed throughout the body including the lung and mostly in areas surrounding proliferating and migrating cells. Furthermore, platelets have been implicated as important players in the airway remodeling pr ...
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
Analysis of TETRAKETIDE a-PYRONE
... extracts with specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant proteins (Figure 1). The analysis of various organs confirmed that both TKPR proteins specifically accumulated in flowers, and no signal could be detected in extracts from other organs (Figure 1A). Protein extracts from flow ...
... extracts with specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant proteins (Figure 1). The analysis of various organs confirmed that both TKPR proteins specifically accumulated in flowers, and no signal could be detected in extracts from other organs (Figure 1A). Protein extracts from flow ...
Identification of Both Shared and Distinct Proteins in the Major and
... the minor spliceosome or common to both spliceosomes. Common proteins include four U2 snRNP polypeptides that constitute the essential splicing factor SF3b. A 35-kilodalton U11-associated protein homologous to the U1 snRNP 70K protein was also identified. These data provide fundamental information a ...
... the minor spliceosome or common to both spliceosomes. Common proteins include four U2 snRNP polypeptides that constitute the essential splicing factor SF3b. A 35-kilodalton U11-associated protein homologous to the U1 snRNP 70K protein was also identified. These data provide fundamental information a ...
Advances in improving mammalian cells metabolism for
... efficient post-translational modifications on the r-proteins (Durocher and Butler, 2009). The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is the standard expression system for the production of recombinant products for therapeutic applications. However, other cell lines such as NS0, baby hamster kidney (B ...
... efficient post-translational modifications on the r-proteins (Durocher and Butler, 2009). The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is the standard expression system for the production of recombinant products for therapeutic applications. However, other cell lines such as NS0, baby hamster kidney (B ...
Quantitative iTRAQ Proteomics Revealed Possible Roles for
... the Easyfit software. These were found to closely approximate the (±) 2σ convention for normally distributed data. Using these analyses, the thresholds of significance (in log2 space) corresponding to the 95% confidence interval for experiments1– 4 were estimated to be ±0.77, ±0.88, ±0.54, and ±0.58 ...
... the Easyfit software. These were found to closely approximate the (±) 2σ convention for normally distributed data. Using these analyses, the thresholds of significance (in log2 space) corresponding to the 95% confidence interval for experiments1– 4 were estimated to be ±0.77, ±0.88, ±0.54, and ±0.58 ...
Protein Sorting and Transport - The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi
... polypeptide chains through the Sec61 channel and into the ER. As translocation proceeds, the signal sequence is cleaved by signal peptidase and the polypeptide is released into the lumen of the ER. Many proteins in yeast, as well as a few proteins in mammalian cells, are targeted to the ER after the ...
... polypeptide chains through the Sec61 channel and into the ER. As translocation proceeds, the signal sequence is cleaved by signal peptidase and the polypeptide is released into the lumen of the ER. Many proteins in yeast, as well as a few proteins in mammalian cells, are targeted to the ER after the ...
Characterisation of the second messenger pathway
... ng/ml FGF does not promote survival or stimulate neuritogenesis per se in our cultures (Table 1). Furthermore the percentage of cells extending a neurite of greater than 40 µm was substantially increased on treatment with 5 ng/ml FGF for neurons cultured on both 3T3 monolayers and laminin (Table 1). ...
... ng/ml FGF does not promote survival or stimulate neuritogenesis per se in our cultures (Table 1). Furthermore the percentage of cells extending a neurite of greater than 40 µm was substantially increased on treatment with 5 ng/ml FGF for neurons cultured on both 3T3 monolayers and laminin (Table 1). ...
NMDA Receptor Function and Physiological Modulation
... reduced glycine affinity in the presence of high glutamate concentrations. High glycine concentrations can overcome this type of desensitization. Glycineinsensitive desensitization has been observed only in dialyzed cells and excised membrane patches and thus does not appear to be physiologically re ...
... reduced glycine affinity in the presence of high glutamate concentrations. High glycine concentrations can overcome this type of desensitization. Glycineinsensitive desensitization has been observed only in dialyzed cells and excised membrane patches and thus does not appear to be physiologically re ...
Transgenic Plant Cells Lacking Mitochondrial Alternative
... et al., 2001; Kowaltowski et al., 2001; Petrosillo et al., 2001). In this case, ROS generated by the mitochondrial ETC itself may be of particular significance. Such ROS might promote cell death via oxidative damage to the mitochondrion or by acting as signaling molecules in the death pathway. It is ...
... et al., 2001; Kowaltowski et al., 2001; Petrosillo et al., 2001). In this case, ROS generated by the mitochondrial ETC itself may be of particular significance. Such ROS might promote cell death via oxidative damage to the mitochondrion or by acting as signaling molecules in the death pathway. It is ...
(β/α)8-barrel enzymes present in completely sequenced genomes
... very good examples of such an evolutionary behaviour (Fig. 1). With regard to the conservative glycine and proline residues flanking in loops the strand β2 of many (β/α)8 -barrel enzymes, the three glycolytic enzymes were also revealed to be structurally different (Janeèek, 1996): ENOL contains both ...
... very good examples of such an evolutionary behaviour (Fig. 1). With regard to the conservative glycine and proline residues flanking in loops the strand β2 of many (β/α)8 -barrel enzymes, the three glycolytic enzymes were also revealed to be structurally different (Janeèek, 1996): ENOL contains both ...
Slide 1
... novel GPCRs. •Motifs search is also used as GPCRs have conserved structure. •One SVM based method is also available for classification of GPCRs of Rhodopsin family.(Karchin et al., 2001) ...
... novel GPCRs. •Motifs search is also used as GPCRs have conserved structure. •One SVM based method is also available for classification of GPCRs of Rhodopsin family.(Karchin et al., 2001) ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.