Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein
... of dietary protein needed for milk protein production. As the efficiency of protein utilisation for milk protein production is unknown, the same efficiency as in the non-lactating adult (47 %) was assumed. The PRI was estimated by adding 1.96 SD to give an additional 19 g protein/d during the first ...
... of dietary protein needed for milk protein production. As the efficiency of protein utilisation for milk protein production is unknown, the same efficiency as in the non-lactating adult (47 %) was assumed. The PRI was estimated by adding 1.96 SD to give an additional 19 g protein/d during the first ...
Glycine Cleavage Powers Photoheterotrophic Growth of
... to the synthesis of proteinogenic amino acids. Based on tracer experiments, a high fraction of 13 C-carbon (40–70%) was incorporated into several amino acids, such as Ala, Glu, Met, and Asp, suggesting effective synthesis of those amino acids from acetate. Since the labeled carbon of [1-13 C]acetate ...
... to the synthesis of proteinogenic amino acids. Based on tracer experiments, a high fraction of 13 C-carbon (40–70%) was incorporated into several amino acids, such as Ala, Glu, Met, and Asp, suggesting effective synthesis of those amino acids from acetate. Since the labeled carbon of [1-13 C]acetate ...
Biological ontologies for human functional annotation and
... “An amino acid monomer, e.g. tyrosine, serine, tyr, ser” 2. DNA: “DNAs include DNA groups, families, molecules, domains, and regions” ...
... “An amino acid monomer, e.g. tyrosine, serine, tyr, ser” 2. DNA: “DNAs include DNA groups, families, molecules, domains, and regions” ...
Pyruvate Kinase - Wiley Online Library
... in the rat, has been reported from several laboratories [I--31. While most of the classifications have been based on electrophoretic evidence, a marked contrast in regulatory properties of the major component of pyruvate kinase activity in liver (“L”) with respect to the older known muscle enzyme (“ ...
... in the rat, has been reported from several laboratories [I--31. While most of the classifications have been based on electrophoretic evidence, a marked contrast in regulatory properties of the major component of pyruvate kinase activity in liver (“L”) with respect to the older known muscle enzyme (“ ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
... air “restored” by vegetation could support the breathing of animals. air is “restored” only in the presence of light and only by the green parts of the plant. photosynthesis has a light-dependent stage and a light-independent stage. isolated chloroplasts are able to produce O2 in the absence of ligh ...
... air “restored” by vegetation could support the breathing of animals. air is “restored” only in the presence of light and only by the green parts of the plant. photosynthesis has a light-dependent stage and a light-independent stage. isolated chloroplasts are able to produce O2 in the absence of ligh ...
General principles of cellular organization in the genome
... Summary One aim of research in natural sciences is to understand a self-reproducing cell in its entity. Transcriptome, proteome and metabolome are at the heart of cellular organization. To know the general principles underlying these basic functional aspects of a cell is a key part on the way to co ...
... Summary One aim of research in natural sciences is to understand a self-reproducing cell in its entity. Transcriptome, proteome and metabolome are at the heart of cellular organization. To know the general principles underlying these basic functional aspects of a cell is a key part on the way to co ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... found in io. This paradoxical finding led them to invoke the existence of a still-unidentified stimulator of glycogen synthase or of an alternative pathway for glycogen synthesis. However, it is questionable whether the adopted effector concentrations are physiologically relevant, in particular in ...
... found in io. This paradoxical finding led them to invoke the existence of a still-unidentified stimulator of glycogen synthase or of an alternative pathway for glycogen synthesis. However, it is questionable whether the adopted effector concentrations are physiologically relevant, in particular in ...
The Role of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein in
... the liver. ChREBP target genes are involved in glycolysis (Glut2, liver pyruvate kinase), fructolysis (Glut5, ketohexokinase), and lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase). ChREBP gene deletion protects against high sucrose diet-induced and leptin-deficient obesity, because Chrebp−/ ...
... the liver. ChREBP target genes are involved in glycolysis (Glut2, liver pyruvate kinase), fructolysis (Glut5, ketohexokinase), and lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase). ChREBP gene deletion protects against high sucrose diet-induced and leptin-deficient obesity, because Chrebp−/ ...
Protein metabolism in exercising human with special reference to
... If the body is in positive nitrogen balance, then protein is retained as new tissue is being synthesized. This is often observed in children, during pregnancy, in recovery from illness, and during resistance exercise training where protein synthesis occurs in muscle cells. A greater output of nitrog ...
... If the body is in positive nitrogen balance, then protein is retained as new tissue is being synthesized. This is often observed in children, during pregnancy, in recovery from illness, and during resistance exercise training where protein synthesis occurs in muscle cells. A greater output of nitrog ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... In addition to fueling the production of ATP (via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), glucose is also a precursor of the ribose ( 核糖) and deoxyribose (去氧核糖) moieties of nucleotides (核苷 酸) and deoxynucleotides (去氧核苷酸) . The pentose phosphate pathway (戊糖磷酸途徑) is responsible for the synthesis of ri ...
... In addition to fueling the production of ATP (via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), glucose is also a precursor of the ribose ( 核糖) and deoxyribose (去氧核糖) moieties of nucleotides (核苷 酸) and deoxynucleotides (去氧核苷酸) . The pentose phosphate pathway (戊糖磷酸途徑) is responsible for the synthesis of ri ...
- VU Research Repository
... Gene array analysis was used to study gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during acclimatisation to non-lethal ethanol stress, in the presence and absence of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde caused significant changes in gene expression in ethanol-stressed yeast. For example, many genes associated ...
... Gene array analysis was used to study gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during acclimatisation to non-lethal ethanol stress, in the presence and absence of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde caused significant changes in gene expression in ethanol-stressed yeast. For example, many genes associated ...
thèse - Université Evry Val d`Essonne
... hypothesis of mitochondrial origin, popularized in the early seventies by Lynn Margulis’s book “the origin of eukaryotic cells”, stating that mitochondria evolved from a bacterial progenitor through symbiosis with an amitochondrial eukaryotic cell. These primitive eukaryotes were formally put in the ...
... hypothesis of mitochondrial origin, popularized in the early seventies by Lynn Margulis’s book “the origin of eukaryotic cells”, stating that mitochondria evolved from a bacterial progenitor through symbiosis with an amitochondrial eukaryotic cell. These primitive eukaryotes were formally put in the ...
Full Text - J
... of 1 mM and 0.68 mM, respectively. In addition, DOPA ME or DOPA CHE suppresses the depressor and bradycardic response to DOPA microinjected into the NTS, which argues against the idea that the DOPA produces these actions through non-NMDA receptors. DOPA-induced cardiovascular response mediated by OA ...
... of 1 mM and 0.68 mM, respectively. In addition, DOPA ME or DOPA CHE suppresses the depressor and bradycardic response to DOPA microinjected into the NTS, which argues against the idea that the DOPA produces these actions through non-NMDA receptors. DOPA-induced cardiovascular response mediated by OA ...
Identification of a structural motif that confers specific interaction with
... nuclear abundance of COP1. The regulated HY5 degradation is likely to be mediated by the 26S proteasome and depends on its interaction with COP1 (Osterlund et al., 2000). Taken together, the results suggest that HY5 interacts with the WD40 domain of COP1 and that the interaction negatively regulates ...
... nuclear abundance of COP1. The regulated HY5 degradation is likely to be mediated by the 26S proteasome and depends on its interaction with COP1 (Osterlund et al., 2000). Taken together, the results suggest that HY5 interacts with the WD40 domain of COP1 and that the interaction negatively regulates ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
... species, for example rat and human PDK2 proteins share greater than 95% identity in their primary amino acids sequence. The total number of amino acid residues varies among different PDK isomers, for example PDK1 has 436 residues, PDK2 and PDK4 have 407 residues and PDK3 has 406 residues [35]. The G ...
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl
... dispensable for infection and survival in the mouse model. The methylmalonylCoA route of propionyl-CoA utilization can be activated in vitro by addition of the vitamin B12 cofactor of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. ...
... dispensable for infection and survival in the mouse model. The methylmalonylCoA route of propionyl-CoA utilization can be activated in vitro by addition of the vitamin B12 cofactor of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. ...
Matching catalytic activity to developmental function: Tolloid
... products belong to a family of developmentally important proteases that includes Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 (Bmp1). Tld is required early in Drosophila development for proper patterning of dorsal embryonic structures, whereas Tlr is required later during larval and pupal stages of development. The ...
... products belong to a family of developmentally important proteases that includes Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 (Bmp1). Tld is required early in Drosophila development for proper patterning of dorsal embryonic structures, whereas Tlr is required later during larval and pupal stages of development. The ...
Recent advances in biosynthesis of fatty acids derived products in
... whole FAB process is performed within the fatty acid elongation chamber after malonyl-CoA is loaded. Then fatty acyl-CoAs, mainly palmitoyl-CoA, are released from the FAS complex by the malonyl:palmitoyl transferase (MPT) domain. The released fatty acyl-CoAs can be converted to the desired products, ...
... whole FAB process is performed within the fatty acid elongation chamber after malonyl-CoA is loaded. Then fatty acyl-CoAs, mainly palmitoyl-CoA, are released from the FAS complex by the malonyl:palmitoyl transferase (MPT) domain. The released fatty acyl-CoAs can be converted to the desired products, ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
... B. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Structure and Function PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the r ...
... B. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Structure and Function PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the r ...
Cardiac troponin I gene knockout - University of Wisconsin–Madison
... Abstract—Troponin I is a subunit of the thin filament–associated troponin-tropomyosin complex involved in calcium regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. We deleted the cardiac isoform of troponin I by using gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells to determine the developmental ...
... Abstract—Troponin I is a subunit of the thin filament–associated troponin-tropomyosin complex involved in calcium regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. We deleted the cardiac isoform of troponin I by using gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells to determine the developmental ...
Kinetic Role of Helix Caps in Protein Folding Is Context
... not native in the p53 TS between the unfolded and the dimeric intermediate states, but almost all residues are highly nativelike in TS from the dimeric intermediate to the tetrameric native state (28). A range of kinetic effects has also been seen in single amino acid mutations at both helix ends in ...
... not native in the p53 TS between the unfolded and the dimeric intermediate states, but almost all residues are highly nativelike in TS from the dimeric intermediate to the tetrameric native state (28). A range of kinetic effects has also been seen in single amino acid mutations at both helix ends in ...
Life in the slow lane: molecular mechanisms of estivation
... Estivation is a state of aerobic hypometabolism used by organisms to endure seasonally arid conditions, often in desert environments. Estivating species are often active for only a few weeks each year to feed and breed and then retreat to estivate in sheltered sites, often underground. In general, e ...
... Estivation is a state of aerobic hypometabolism used by organisms to endure seasonally arid conditions, often in desert environments. Estivating species are often active for only a few weeks each year to feed and breed and then retreat to estivate in sheltered sites, often underground. In general, e ...
IN VIVO ENOL CASTOR OIL SEEDS AT THREONINE-4 AND SERINE-451
... 1.3B). The pathway from sucrose-derived cytosolic hexose-Ps to plastidial acetyl-CoA is very flexible and varies within and between species (Fig. 1.3B) [21,22]. Studies of isolated leucoplasts from developing castor oil seed (COS) and Helianthus annus (sunflower) seeds showed that exogenous malate, ...
... 1.3B). The pathway from sucrose-derived cytosolic hexose-Ps to plastidial acetyl-CoA is very flexible and varies within and between species (Fig. 1.3B) [21,22]. Studies of isolated leucoplasts from developing castor oil seed (COS) and Helianthus annus (sunflower) seeds showed that exogenous malate, ...
REPRODUCTION
... pathway. Over the course of oocyte maturation, a large proportion of total glucose is metabolised via the glycolytic pathway to provide substrates such as pyruvate for energy production. Glucose is also the substrate for many cellular functions during oocyte maturation, including regulation of nucle ...
... pathway. Over the course of oocyte maturation, a large proportion of total glucose is metabolised via the glycolytic pathway to provide substrates such as pyruvate for energy production. Glucose is also the substrate for many cellular functions during oocyte maturation, including regulation of nucle ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
... Alison A. Beharka,* Joy E. Crowther,*† Francis X. McCormack,‡ Gerene M. Denning,* Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, includ ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.