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PP-Protein Synthesis
PP-Protein Synthesis

The simplest enzyme revisited: The chicken and
The simplest enzyme revisited: The chicken and

... the chicken and egg argument between proteins and nucleic acid polymers disappears. The answer to “which came first, protein or nucleic acid” is: “metabolism.” They grew up together by catalyzing each other’s reactions. In this context sugars and amino sugars may also play a significant role. All of t ...
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Chapter 22 Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related
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... • You need 20 amino acids for your body to function properly. The body makes 11 of those amino acids. The 9 you need from food are known as essential amino acids. • Example of complete protein: meat, fish, poultry, milk, yogurt, and eggs • Example of incomplete protein: grains, legumes, nuts, seeds ...
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Protein - manorhousehomeeconomics

... Proteins are made up of atoms of:  Carbon C  Hydrogen H  Oxygen O  Nitrogen N  and sometimes small amounts of Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S) and Iron (Fe)  Nitrogen is needed for growth.  Proteins are the only nutrients that contain the element nitrogen.  These elements are bonded together in s ...
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Chemistry of Proteins Model Making

... Proteins are the main structural and growth components of cells in tissues such as skin, hair, muscle and blood. Other proteins serve in regulatory capacity as enzymes and hormones. Proteins always contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Phosphorus and sulfur are also found in m ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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