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Lab Protein and Amino Acids
Lab Protein and Amino Acids

... The term protein was first used by Gerardus Mulder in 1838 to describe the complex nitrogencontaining organic compounds that are found in all living cells. It is derived from the Greek word proteios, which means “of first importance.” This is an appropriate description of these important compounds s ...
Protein Synthesis Simulation Lab
Protein Synthesis Simulation Lab

... Activity: There are 4 letters of the mRNA code: U-A-C-G. How many possible combinations are there? In other words, how many “words” can you make with those 4 letters if any combination of letters is possible but all “words” are only 3 letters long? Hint – start with a single letter, how many codons ...
protein_mol_biophysics_slides
protein_mol_biophysics_slides

... Ex: Myoglobin (153 amino acids) 64153 = 10276 configs ⇒ 10264 seconds (10256 yrs) to randomly find native state. (degeneracy of native state reduces this to 10118 years) ...
ANSWERS - Unit 1 Review File
ANSWERS - Unit 1 Review File

... 34. The linear sequence of amino acids found in an enzyme is called its: a) tertiary structure b) primary structure c) secondary structure d) quaternary structure 35. Proteins may denature when: a)pH is changed b) oxygen is present c) they form enzymes d) substrate concentration is increased 36. Whe ...
Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression

... Genetic regulation • Genotype is not phenotype: bacteria possess many genes that they are not using at any particular time. • Transcription and translation are expensive; why spend ATP to make an enzyme you don’t need? • Operon – Genes physically adjacent regulated together ...
File
File

myosinTeacher.pdf
myosinTeacher.pdf

... Question 13 - pg 7 Using all the information you have so far – list at least two possible explanations for the difference between survival curves with the different mutations. 1. Mutations leading to a change in charge have the most profound affect on the function of myosin. 2. Mutations located in ...
2: Enzymes
2: Enzymes

... speeds to separate the larger from the smaller organelles. Finally, to obtain pure enzymes, chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography can be used to separate proteins based upon their size. Often multiple techniques are combined to isolate the pure enzyme. ...
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File

... and carboxyl functional group, which act as the building block (monomers) of proteins.  20 different amino acids  Nine ...
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters

... • And through two or more types of metabotropic (G-protein linked) receptors (ACPD and L-AP4) ...
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... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
5-Metabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
5-Metabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides

... Step-5: Acquisition of the ribose phosphate moiety: Orotate reacts with PRPP to produce orotidine-5′monophosphate (OMP) with the enzyme orotate phosphoribosyl transferase. The anomeric form of pyrimidine nucleotides is fixed in in the βconfiguration. ...
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... Section 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 1. List the three main differences between RNA and DNA. ...
PIG - enzymes
PIG - enzymes

... concentration eventually have no effect on the rate of reaction? [2] ...
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... any of the previously described 10 families but is quite similar to the Xl-HBox8 homeodomain (3) from the frog, Xenopus laevis (XT) (shown below). Underlined portions of the nucleic acid sequence are homologous to the oligonucleotide primers used in the PCR amplification. Asterisks signfy amino acid ...
Exam 3: Biochem 2 Fill in the Blank
Exam 3: Biochem 2 Fill in the Blank

... iv. We end up with Tetrahydrafolate (H4Folate) that is recycled at the expense of this amino acid 1. __glycine________________ v. The homocystine ___Met_______________ step requires Cobalmin 1. This is another name for vitamin __B-12________ a. When we eat this vitamin it will encounter ___Intrinsi ...
Style D 36 by 54 - Bourns College of Engineering
Style D 36 by 54 - Bourns College of Engineering

... proteins provides a way to manipulate the structures of proteins, monitor protein function and create proteins with novel properties. In previous studies, by creating orthogonal tRNA- synthetase pairs with specificity to unnatural amino acids, more than thirty unnatural amino acids have been incorpo ...
Her kommer logo
Her kommer logo

... In mammals, the urea cycle functions to detoxify ammonia formed during amino acid catabolism. However, certain enzymes of the urea cycle together with other pathways, also has a role in synthesizing net arginine for use in the organism. Thus, in many mammals, arginine is not an essential amino acid. ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

PowerPoint Presentation - Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration
PowerPoint Presentation - Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration

... excellent source of fuel? • The many hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon, that the cell can break for energy, and of course the many energy rich electrons. • Can fats be used in cellular respiration? • Yes, by being converted to intermediates. ...
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis

... chemical reactions in biological cells would occur too slowly, or would lead to different products without enzymes. Like all catalysts, enzymes work by providing an alternate pathway of lower activation energy of a reaction, thus allowing the reaction to proceed much faster. Enzymes may speed up rea ...
Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics
Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics

... Supercoiling of DNA in prokaryotes is typically brought about in a much different manner than in eukaryotes In bacteria and most archaea, DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoils Chromosome: The DNA molecule must contain genetic information essential for the continuous survival o ...
Activity 3.2.3: Does Changing One Nucleotide Make a Big Difference?
Activity 3.2.3: Does Changing One Nucleotide Make a Big Difference?

... combining two β-globin proteins with two α-globin proteins (β is the Greek symbol for beta, and α is the symbol for alpha). All proteins are classified as either α (an alpha helix) or β (a beta pleated sheet). These designations are based on the shape that the protein takes after it has bended and f ...
Food - cbbiology
Food - cbbiology

... Phospholipid: a lipid where one of the fatty acids have been replaced with a phosphate group or has a phosphate group added to it Sources of lipids: butter, oils, margarine, cream ...
Enzymatic Production of D-Amino Acids
Enzymatic Production of D-Amino Acids

... enzymatic production of D-amino acids have replaced chemical methods. Due to a significant revolution and intensive research in the area of biocatalysis, many biological processes have emerged as great breakthrough in the chirality sciences (3). D-amino acids are utilized in pharmaceuticals, drugs, d ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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