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슬라이드 1
슬라이드 1

... transport by increasing the translocation/activity of GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 • The effects of IGF-1 to increase the rate of glucose metabolism in muscle may be more important than that of insulin alone. • The reason is that the increase in the sensitivity to insulin caused by such factors would permit be ...
Long-chain fatty acids increase basal metabolism
Long-chain fatty acids increase basal metabolism

... LC fatty acids increase resting heat rate. The rate of heat production of small isolated cardiac muscle preparations, an indicator of basal metabolism, was measured at high resolution with a microcalorimetric technique. Figure 3 shows a representative example of the effect of oleate (C18:1) on resti ...
PDF
PDF

... was incapable of sustaining growth, and the lactate production rate rapidly decreased (van Maris et al., 2004b). Subsequently, oxygen-limited chemostat cultivation showed that lactic acid production did not result in the (net) formation of ATP in lactic acid-producing S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the po ...
Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier
Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier

... other processes such as bacterial quorum sensing and protein post-translational modification. Owing to its ubiquitous nature and importance, FAS (FA synthase) systems have long been a subject for investigation and significant progress has been made [1]. For example, a virtually complete catalogue of ...
Functional Characterization of Nine Norway
Functional Characterization of Nine Norway

... Recombinant TPS enzymes were functionally characterized on the basis of substrate specificity, product profile and chirality of terpenoids formed. To determine the function of each of these TPS genes, all cDNAs were subcloned into expression vectors, expressed in Escherichia coli, and cell-free extr ...
Pathways of Glucose Assimilation in Puccinia graminis
Pathways of Glucose Assimilation in Puccinia graminis

... medium (Howes & Scott, 1973) at intervals of 3 weeks and were removed for experiments 12 d after transfer. Asepsis was maintained in all experiments; stock cultures were maintained at 23 "C. 14C Labelling experiments. Cultures (400 ml) were pooled and filtered on a glass fibre disc (60 mm diam. What ...
Evolution of the Insulin Receptor Family and
Evolution of the Insulin Receptor Family and

... Phylogeny of Vertebrate IRs The phylogeny of the vertebrate IR family was reconstructed in order to establish homologous relationships among its members. Phylogenetic analyses were based on an amino acid sequence data alignment including 1,596 positions, of which 335 highly variable positions were e ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Endotoxin moves from the gut into the bloodstream and the liver where it activates Kupffer cells- a type of immune cell (resident liver macrophages) - by interacting with CD14 causing nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) production.This generates superoxide radicals (O2) and various signaling molecules (th ...
Cloning and Polymorphisms of Yak Lactate Dehydrogenase b Gene
Cloning and Polymorphisms of Yak Lactate Dehydrogenase b Gene

... LDH activity in heart and skeletal muscles has been reported in pikas from high altitudes when compared to pikas from low altitudes, which helps the pikas in high altitudes to improve anaerobic activity and to enhance lactate removal in muscles [4], since high LDH activity can catalyze more pyruvate ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516

... • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
Chapter 9 - Slothnet

... Glucose 4 ATP formed  2 ATP used ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
Answers - U of L Class Index

... The enzymes in glycolysis that are also used in their reverse directions for gluconeogenesis are phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerokinase, phosphoglyceromutase, and enolase. ...
Topic 8 Acids and Bases File
Topic 8 Acids and Bases File

... 1. Ammonium chloride is one component of ordinary dry cell batteries. Ammonia gas can react with hydrogen chloride gas to form the solid salt ammonium chloride. Write the balanced equation for this reaction including the phases of each substance. 2. Label the acid and the base in the reactants of yo ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... cyanobacteria have been sequenced. In addition, these sequences have been organized and compiled into databases, such as cyanobase [1], for rapid access. The construction of these genome databases enabled the interpretation of cyanobacterial metabolism and facilitated the development of recombinant ...
A conformationally restricted uniconazole analogue as a specific
A conformationally restricted uniconazole analogue as a specific

... S-uniconazole (UNI) is an azole inhibitor of cytochrome P450.1,2 UNI has since been used as a plant growth regulator in agriculture and horticulture. The main site of action of UNI is suggested to be ent-kaurene oxidase (CYP701A), which catalyzes the three-step oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaure ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis

... NATHAN 0. KAPLAN, PH.D. ...
Differential effects of nipecotic acid and w x 4,5,6,7
Differential effects of nipecotic acid and w x 4,5,6,7

... have structural analogy to nipecotic acid, one of the first recognized potent and specific inhibitors of high affinity GABA uptake ŽKrogsgaard-Larsen and Johnston, 1975.. The ability of nipecotic acid or its derivative cis-4-hydroxynipecotic acid to inhibit seizure activity seems to depend on the se ...
METABOLISM - UMK C.A.R.N.I.V.O.R.E.S. 3 | C-alm, A
METABOLISM - UMK C.A.R.N.I.V.O.R.E.S. 3 | C-alm, A

... • In muscle- G-6-P to support muscle contraction • In liver – to release glucose into the blood when the glucose level drops –between meals- require glucose-6-phosphatase (in liver and kidney only) to convert to glucose • Muscle and adipose tissue lack glucose 6-phosphatase, therefore glycogen in th ...


... adding complexing agents stabilize the copper-tin electrolyte [16-17]. Recently, attention has been paid to substances that can be used in industry with a low toxicity [18]: gelatin falls into this category. Gelatin is a protein obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen [19]. Consequently, the main ...
Shang Fa Yang - UC Davis Plant Sciences
Shang Fa Yang - UC Davis Plant Sciences

... methionine pools were generally too low in plant tissues to sustain the observed rates of ethylene synthesis. Some had suggested that following ACC formation, the methylthio group from methionine would be attached to an existing homocysteine molecule to form a new methionine molecule, thus recycling ...
Positional-Scanning Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescence
Positional-Scanning Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescence

... N-domain. Initially, the library with the general sequence Abz-GXXZXK(Dnp)-OH was scanned to define the specificity of the P1 position. Figure 1 shows the relative values normalized by the residue with the higher velocity of the hydrolysis value. The ratio of the relative velocity values for the C-d ...
Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation
Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation

... that their feasibility is dependent on several factors, including the number of ATP hydrolyzed, the reduction potential of electron carriers, the concentration of inorganic carbon, the cellular pH and the ionic strength [12,28]. Our analysis revealed that several carbon fixation pathways hydrolyze co ...
Is a Diabetes-Linked Amino Acid Signature associated with Beta
Is a Diabetes-Linked Amino Acid Signature associated with Beta

... JOXFRVH•PJGO24, following treatment with atenolol monotherapy. After a 12 hour fast, glucose was measured in all participants at baseline, prior to initiation of atenolol, and again at the end of atenolol therapy. Mean duration of treatment with atenolol was 9 weeks. Participants ...
Newborn Screening for Arginase Deficiency in the U.S., Where do
Newborn Screening for Arginase Deficiency in the U.S., Where do

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach Molecular Interactions 1
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach Molecular Interactions 1

... 1) Stanley Miller set out to demonstrate an explanation for the origins of organic molecules using a combination of simple organic molecules, heat and periodic burst of electricity through the mixture, ultimately producing what kind of molecules? A) carbohydrates B) amino acids C) lipids D) glycopro ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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