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Hydrothermal experiments in the system citric acid, H2O-( FeS)
Hydrothermal experiments in the system citric acid, H2O-( FeS)

... RCC might have provided an ignition point. Therein lies the basis of an experimental program, i.e., establishing the chemical reactions intrinsic to aqueous conditions that may have provided the foundations for the origin of life. Any experimental approach directed toward identifying a likely igniti ...
DNA Base Composition, DNA-DNA Homology and Long
DNA Base Composition, DNA-DNA Homology and Long

... The mol % G + C contents of the test strains are shown in Table 1. Streptococcus salivarius and S. therrnophilus strains possessed mol% G + C ranges of 39.5 to 41.0 and 37.2 to 39.8, respectively. These data are in good agreement with the previous reports of about 38 to 42 mol % G + C within these s ...
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... • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH • Two ATP are used in energy-investment to add phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate • Four ATP are formed in energy-generation by direct transfers of phosphate groups to four ADP. Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+  2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 4H+ ...
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... This paper reports new, accurate and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for densitometric determination of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and β-sitosterol in herbal drug formulation (Madhuveer Liquid). Marketed herbal formulation was suitably diluted with methanol and ultras ...
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Functional characterisation of the TUP5 gene in - diss.fu

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... a large native heathland ca. 25 m above sea level. The vegetation is dominated by the evergreen shrub Calluna vulgaris, the grass Molinia caerulea and mosses (mainly Hypnum cupressiforme). The C. vulgaris plants were 28 years old (in 2012), which is at the end of their lifespan (Gimmingham, 1972). T ...
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THE LIVER AS AN ORGAN

... majority of the bile remains in the lumen of the small intestine until the terminal ileum, where Na + -dependent transporters recycle the primary bile into the portal vein back to the liver. This bile recycling will occur three to five times for each meal and permits efficient absorption of the lipi ...
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Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Undergraduate
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... 3-Ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III catalyzes the first carbon-carbon bondforming reaction (Claisen condensation) of type II fatty acid synthesis systems in bacteria and plant plastids. In E. coli, KASIII is encoded by the fabH gene. FabH deletion mutants were originally thought to be letha ...
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7. Making and storing fat and retrieving it to supply energy

... Most tissues can use fat to make ATP. Metabolism of fat always requires O2 and fatty acids are degraded to form CO2 in the mitochondria. CO2 is removed from the body by breathing, and it ultimately goes to the atmosphere. Two types of cells are notable in that they do not use fat as a fuel. Red bloo ...
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... substrate to product per minute . is defined as ------------------ . a- IUB b- NAD c- IU d- Non of above 15- ------------ They are catalyzing only one type of chemical reaction a- Highly specific b- Catalytic efficiency c- Protein catalysts d- Not all above 16- ------------ They are enzymes that ca ...
Salcedo-SoraAndMcAul
Salcedo-SoraAndMcAul

... of folate biosynthesis and usage pathways and usually work due to a synergistic effect.44 The most common of such combinations is a DHFR inhibitor and a DHPS inhibitor for the treatment of infectious diseases. Targeting DHFR and TS has also been used to kill cancerous cells.45 The effects of the com ...
Trade-offs between tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary
Trade-offs between tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary

... speed and reducing the chance of potentially detrimental points of excessively slow or fast ribosome movement. ...
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl

< 1 ... 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 ... 622 >

Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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