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Translation
Translation

... - The energy cost for protein synthesis is high. - The total energy required for synthesizing a protein of N residues. 2N ATPs are required to charge tRNAs 1 GTP is needed for initiation. N –1 GTPs are needed to form N –1 peptide bonds N –1 GTPs are needed to form N –1 translocation steps 1 GTP is n ...
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8/27/08 Transcript I

...  Most common are used to digest proteins; they are produced in the pancreas; secreted in the lumen by zymogen granules and then into the small intestine to digest the protein.  All are inactive. They are an enzyme precursor to an enzyme with very little activity. – ogen, means it is a precursor.  ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or

... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
The Universal Dogma of Genetics
The Universal Dogma of Genetics

... Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences • In order for translation to proceed, the sequence of the 4 nucleotides in RNA (A,U, C,G) must somehow specify the 20 amino acids used to make up proteins • The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a trip ...
Reactions of the citric acid cycle
Reactions of the citric acid cycle

... Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the pro ...
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... Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 is an aerobic N2-fixing and hydrogen-producing cyanobacterium. Isotopomer analysis of its amino acids revealed an identical labelling profile for leucine and isoleucine when Cyanothece 51142 was grown mixotrophically using 2-13C-labelled glycerol as the main carbon source. ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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