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Practical part
Practical part

... Mix and incubate at the laboratory temperature for 10 minutes. Read the optical density of the sample at 510 nm against the blank. Calculate the quantity of pyruvate (in g) according to the formula: X = D / 0.09 , where X - quantity of pyruvate in g, D - Optical density. The calculation of transam ...
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

... •  AMP is a better indicator than ADP due to the activity of adenylate kinase: ...
A Study of the Asp110–Glu112 Region of EcoRII Restriction
A Study of the Asp110–Glu112 Region of EcoRII Restriction

... Thus, 12 mutants resulting from site-directed mutagenesis have been characterized that have codon substitutions in a distinct site of the ecoRII gene. The expression of the mutant genes in E. coli cells resulted in mutant EcoRII proteins with point amino acid substitutions: Asp(110) → Lys, Asn, Thr, ...
G5. Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic
G5. Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic

... Biodiversity prospecting can be utilized to isolate the enzymes that are staying functional under harsh conditions from living organisms. These so-called extremozymes are collected from microorganisms that can grow under extreme conditions. In these cases nature employs many different structural str ...
23 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
23 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

... essential amino acids from our diets because we either cannot synthesize them at all or cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts. For example, we must have a dietary source of phenylalanine because we cannot synthesize benzene rings. However, we do not need tyrosine in our diets, because we can sy ...
Chap. 4. "Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure and Function
Chap. 4. "Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure and Function

... pitch is 0.94 nm. Thus, the collagen helix is much more extended than an α helix. Individual polypeptides associate in a triple-helical supercoil called a collagen rod (3,000 Å long) in which the collagen molecules are coiled about each other in a right-handed triple helix (Fig. 4.36). Because colla ...
Lesson Overview
Lesson Overview

... What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB

... Ribulose 5-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphate  Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) ...
Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbohydrate Monomers in Micro
Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbohydrate Monomers in Micro

... employed. Furthermore, extracellular microbial metabolites, particularly of anaerobic bacteria, have been studied by GC. The resulting chromatographic patterns are usually specific as to genus or sometimes as to species (Larsson & Miirdh, 1977). One approach to the GC study of microbial constituents ...
Potential Value of the Mormon Cricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae
Potential Value of the Mormon Cricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae

... Note that the chicks on the conventional corn-soybean meal diet (Diet l) grew more slowly than those on either corn-cricket diet (diets 2 and 3). Even without the addition of an antibiotic to the cricket diets some of this difference is probably due to the higher metabolizable energy content of the ...
Lec. 4 - Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
Lec. 4 - Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)

Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbohydrate Monomers in Micro
Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbohydrate Monomers in Micro

... employed. Furthermore, extracellular microbial metabolites, particularly of anaerobic bacteria, have been studied by GC. The resulting chromatographic patterns are usually specific as to genus or sometimes as to species (Larsson & Miirdh, 1977). One approach to the GC study of microbial constituents ...
Intro to Organic Chem
Intro to Organic Chem

... Fructose ...
Eris - Molecules in Action, LLC
Eris - Molecules in Action, LLC

... the  protein  as  a  weighted  sum  of  van  der  Waals  (VDW)   interaction,  solvation  energy,  hydrogen  bonding,  and  backbone-­‐ dependent  statistical  energy  for  any  given  amino  acid  and  rotamer   state.  The  unfolded  stat ...
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration

... Respiration Photosynthesis ...
free energy - Thunderbird High School
free energy - Thunderbird High School

... Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes

... and, to a larger extent, for multicellular organisms. Indeed, many biosynthetic intermediates, in addition to the SL end products, are bioactive molecules whose accumulation or absence can severely influence cell functions [1–3]. As a consequence, several mechanisms contribute to the control of enzym ...
biology 2402
biology 2402

... Chapter 25 ...
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives

... The Process of Cellular Respiration 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Ide ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus

... Our results further substantiate the hypothesis that in most of the autotrophic organisms the tricarboxylic acid cycle is incomplete. In agreement with Taylor, Hoare & Hoare (I 969) we were unable to detect the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in Thiobacillus denitrijicans. We also failed to demonstrat ...
Synthesis characterization and pharmacological
Synthesis characterization and pharmacological

... Reaction will be monitored by TLC and product purified by recrystllisation. b) Spectroscopic data: IR of all new compounds will be obtained by using spectrophotometers available in our college, NMR and mass spectroscopic data will obtain from I.I.Sc Bangalore and I.I.T. Madras etc. c) In vitro Anti- ...
Planta
Planta

... six-carbon citrate. The reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase in the mitochondria, as part of the TCA cycle (Sadka et al. 2001). Regulation of the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate by aconitase, in the following metabolic step, plays a major role in citrate homeostasis (Bogin and Wallace 19 ...
Creation/Evolution - Geoscience Research Institute
Creation/Evolution - Geoscience Research Institute

... representing a few amino acids or possibly one codon representing a “group” of amino acids More precise codon meaning evolves perhaps with only the first two bases having meaning with discrimination at the third position evolving later The code becomes “frozen” when the system becomes so complex tha ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

... channel proteins (ATP synthase) in the cristae generate energy to drive the formation of ATP’s by allowing the protons to flow back into the matrix from the cristae. The process in which ATP is produced by the flow of protons across the channel is called oxidative phosphorylation. - NADH produces 3 ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

... – Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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