7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... past 50 years or so. Virtually, all the seminal ideas about wall construction originated in the electron microscopic era when the field divided between those who believed that layers of cellulose microfibrils were organized entirely by self-assembly principles (and may or may not be subsequently rea ...
... past 50 years or so. Virtually, all the seminal ideas about wall construction originated in the electron microscopic era when the field divided between those who believed that layers of cellulose microfibrils were organized entirely by self-assembly principles (and may or may not be subsequently rea ...
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal
... 1997). The glutamate receptor inhibitors kynurenate and D-2-amino-5phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) were not included in the transfection. Optimization of the volume of calcium phosphate/ DNA precipitate, 120 ml per 60-mm-diameter dish, and of the duration of the incubation, typically 45 min, resulted ...
... 1997). The glutamate receptor inhibitors kynurenate and D-2-amino-5phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) were not included in the transfection. Optimization of the volume of calcium phosphate/ DNA precipitate, 120 ml per 60-mm-diameter dish, and of the duration of the incubation, typically 45 min, resulted ...
Outer Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Export of
... and PKD2) has not yet been fully investigated, although they have been suggested to be involved in protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interaction [12]. Our previous studies provided a crystal structure model of the PKD1 domain from V. cholerae PrtV (residues 755– 838) and revealed a Ca++-bindin ...
... and PKD2) has not yet been fully investigated, although they have been suggested to be involved in protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interaction [12]. Our previous studies provided a crystal structure model of the PKD1 domain from V. cholerae PrtV (residues 755– 838) and revealed a Ca++-bindin ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... all members of the phylum Chordata (Fig. 1). In higher vertebrates, the notochord exists transiently and has at least two important functions. First, the notochord is positioned centrally in the embryo with respect to both the dorsal-ventral (DV) and left-right (LR) axes. Here, it produces secreted ...
... all members of the phylum Chordata (Fig. 1). In higher vertebrates, the notochord exists transiently and has at least two important functions. First, the notochord is positioned centrally in the embryo with respect to both the dorsal-ventral (DV) and left-right (LR) axes. Here, it produces secreted ...
Vesicles versus Tubes: is ER-Golgi Transport in
... cisternal tubules connecting the cis-Golgi as well as other cisternae to the ER. This Downloaded from on June 17, 20179- Published by www.plantphysiol.org Copyright © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
... cisternal tubules connecting the cis-Golgi as well as other cisternae to the ER. This Downloaded from on June 17, 20179- Published by www.plantphysiol.org Copyright © 2015 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. ...
PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport: Action, Regulation
... mediates auxin transport into the ER lumen (Mravec et al., 2009), while PIN8 appears to counteract this activity, which is further supported by antagonistic genetic interactions observed between mutants and overexpressors of these two transporters (Ding et al., 2012; Sawchuk et al., 2013). The propo ...
... mediates auxin transport into the ER lumen (Mravec et al., 2009), while PIN8 appears to counteract this activity, which is further supported by antagonistic genetic interactions observed between mutants and overexpressors of these two transporters (Ding et al., 2012; Sawchuk et al., 2013). The propo ...
Liposomal Formulations for Nucleic Acid Delivery
... Fusion of first-generation, nonencapsulated lipoplex systems with the plasma membrane is expected to be a particularly inefficient method of introducing NA into the cytosol. Since lipoplex-NA is predominantly attached to the surface of the liposome, lipoplex fusion events resolve with NA, formerly a ...
... Fusion of first-generation, nonencapsulated lipoplex systems with the plasma membrane is expected to be a particularly inefficient method of introducing NA into the cytosol. Since lipoplex-NA is predominantly attached to the surface of the liposome, lipoplex fusion events resolve with NA, formerly a ...
Full Article - PDF - Journal of Biotech Research
... neurotransmitter synthesis. P. falciparum is capable of synthesizing folate de novo or obtaining it through salvage, whereas humans can only obtain folate from their diet, making the folate pathway products important targets for chemotherapy. Although P. falciparum folate pathway enzymes and metabol ...
... neurotransmitter synthesis. P. falciparum is capable of synthesizing folate de novo or obtaining it through salvage, whereas humans can only obtain folate from their diet, making the folate pathway products important targets for chemotherapy. Although P. falciparum folate pathway enzymes and metabol ...
Compare TIRF Geometries
... TIRF is “...a method uniquely suited to image the plasma membrane with its associated organelles and macromolecules in living cells. The method shows even the smallest vesicles made by cells, and can image the dynamics of single protein molecules.” [Steyer JA, Almers W. A real-time view of life with ...
... TIRF is “...a method uniquely suited to image the plasma membrane with its associated organelles and macromolecules in living cells. The method shows even the smallest vesicles made by cells, and can image the dynamics of single protein molecules.” [Steyer JA, Almers W. A real-time view of life with ...
The versatility of mitochondrial calcium signals: From stimulation of
... dynamics when compared to similar coupled cells, strongly suggesting that the aequorin moiety lies in the MIMS. The comparison of [Ca2+]c and [Ca2+]mims responses to histamine shows a clear difference only in the initial phase (which is due to the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores). These da ...
... dynamics when compared to similar coupled cells, strongly suggesting that the aequorin moiety lies in the MIMS. The comparison of [Ca2+]c and [Ca2+]mims responses to histamine shows a clear difference only in the initial phase (which is due to the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores). These da ...
Rho signaling pathway and apical constriction in the - ICB-USP
... invaginating event. After the ingression of the whole placode toward the underlying optic cup, the edges fuse and detach from the surface ectoderm, forming the lens vesicle (Schook, 1980b). A variety of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the initial inward buckling of the placode, such ...
... invaginating event. After the ingression of the whole placode toward the underlying optic cup, the edges fuse and detach from the surface ectoderm, forming the lens vesicle (Schook, 1980b). A variety of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the initial inward buckling of the placode, such ...
Evidence for an apical Na–Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
Regulation of the Function of the Human ABCG2 Multidrug
... of hepatocytes and excretes its substrates into the bile. ABCG2 is known to require high membrane cholesterol content for maximal activity, and by examining purified ABCG2 reconstituted in proteoliposomes we have recently shown that cholesterol is an essential activator, while bile acids significant ...
... of hepatocytes and excretes its substrates into the bile. ABCG2 is known to require high membrane cholesterol content for maximal activity, and by examining purified ABCG2 reconstituted in proteoliposomes we have recently shown that cholesterol is an essential activator, while bile acids significant ...
Supplementary Data - Institute of Cancer Research
... Peptidoglycan polymers on the contrary are hidden underneath the outer LPS layer in Gramnegative bacteria, and become accessible only upon bacterial death since the outer membrane is impermeable to large PGN fragments 7. An intriguing question is therefore how PRRs integrate information from MAMPs w ...
... Peptidoglycan polymers on the contrary are hidden underneath the outer LPS layer in Gramnegative bacteria, and become accessible only upon bacterial death since the outer membrane is impermeable to large PGN fragments 7. An intriguing question is therefore how PRRs integrate information from MAMPs w ...
Cell Analogy
... and artisans. The poster will include the title, a cell and the analogies around the cell with picture descriptions as well as the text. What does a quality analogy look like? To get full credit for each analogy, think about this: Does the analogy for this structure/process make sense? Are the two ...
... and artisans. The poster will include the title, a cell and the analogies around the cell with picture descriptions as well as the text. What does a quality analogy look like? To get full credit for each analogy, think about this: Does the analogy for this structure/process make sense? Are the two ...
Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced
... et al., 1996; Squier and Cohen, 1997). Recent data have illustrated the central role of mitochondria in initiating cell death. Upon induction of apoptosis this organelle undergoes a series of changes that are crucial to the death program. One event, the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT), re ...
... et al., 1996; Squier and Cohen, 1997). Recent data have illustrated the central role of mitochondria in initiating cell death. Upon induction of apoptosis this organelle undergoes a series of changes that are crucial to the death program. One event, the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT), re ...
The LIR motif – crucial for selective autophagy
... of autophagy receptors to LC3 (or other ATG8 family proteins) anchored in the phagophore membrane. LIR-containing proteins include cargo receptors, members of the basal autophagy apparatus, proteins associated with vesicles and of their transport, Rab GTPaseactivating proteins (GAPs) and specific si ...
... of autophagy receptors to LC3 (or other ATG8 family proteins) anchored in the phagophore membrane. LIR-containing proteins include cargo receptors, members of the basal autophagy apparatus, proteins associated with vesicles and of their transport, Rab GTPaseactivating proteins (GAPs) and specific si ...
Identification of proteins localized to the contractile vacuole of
... bloodstream, acidic phagolysosomes, and host cell cytosol. Thus, the parasites have mechanisms to respond to both hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses. The contractile vacuole complex is an osmoregulatory organelle, which controls intracellular water balance by accumulating excess water and expel ...
... bloodstream, acidic phagolysosomes, and host cell cytosol. Thus, the parasites have mechanisms to respond to both hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses. The contractile vacuole complex is an osmoregulatory organelle, which controls intracellular water balance by accumulating excess water and expel ...
HELICOBACTER PYLORI VacA, A PARADIGM FOR TOXIN
... sometimes, components of the extracellular matrix). In both cases, these toxins destabilize the plasma membrane and cause other changes in the cell. A third group of toxins bind to plasmamembrane receptors, resulting in the modulation of eukaryotic cellular signal-transduction pathways. Toxins with ...
... sometimes, components of the extracellular matrix). In both cases, these toxins destabilize the plasma membrane and cause other changes in the cell. A third group of toxins bind to plasmamembrane receptors, resulting in the modulation of eukaryotic cellular signal-transduction pathways. Toxins with ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... autophagy, including decreased or defective formation of autophagosomes, their impaired fusion with lysosomes, or inefficient lysosomal proteolytic activity. For example, mutations in autophagy proteins, such as ATG16L1, cause defects in autophagosome formation in Crohn’s disease, leading to inhibit ...
... autophagy, including decreased or defective formation of autophagosomes, their impaired fusion with lysosomes, or inefficient lysosomal proteolytic activity. For example, mutations in autophagy proteins, such as ATG16L1, cause defects in autophagosome formation in Crohn’s disease, leading to inhibit ...
Actin Filaments Play a Critical Role in Vacuolar
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
Drosophila embryos close epithelial wounds using a combination of
... Vavylonis et al., 2008), and has been suggested to power wound closure in Drosophila embryonic epithelium wounds (Wood et al., 2002). To further understand the role of the actomyosin cable, we examined the function of myosin II in vivo and its contribution to the wound repair process. We first monit ...
... Vavylonis et al., 2008), and has been suggested to power wound closure in Drosophila embryonic epithelium wounds (Wood et al., 2002). To further understand the role of the actomyosin cable, we examined the function of myosin II in vivo and its contribution to the wound repair process. We first monit ...
Liposomes Types, Mechanism,Sizing and Preparation
... same time shields the non polar part. • Among the amphiphiles used in the drug delivery, viz. soaps detergents, polar lipids; the latter are often employed to form concentric ...
... same time shields the non polar part. • Among the amphiphiles used in the drug delivery, viz. soaps detergents, polar lipids; the latter are often employed to form concentric ...
Mathematical Biology
... Fluorescence photoactivation experiments reveal a roughly uniform rate of turnover across the lamellipodium, difficult to reconcile with pointed ends concentrated at one place (Theriot and Mitchison, 1991). Similar studies have been used (Theriot, 1994) to argue that the gradient of filamentous acti ...
... Fluorescence photoactivation experiments reveal a roughly uniform rate of turnover across the lamellipodium, difficult to reconcile with pointed ends concentrated at one place (Theriot and Mitchison, 1991). Similar studies have been used (Theriot, 1994) to argue that the gradient of filamentous acti ...
–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1 Induction of stable ER potassium channels
... an ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), with a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, ORAI1, at ER–plasma-membrane junctions was found to be crucial for Ca2+-dependent lymphocyte activation (Hogan et al., 2010). Despite the observation of neuronal ER–plasma-membrane junctions, or sub-surfa ...
... an ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), with a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, ORAI1, at ER–plasma-membrane junctions was found to be crucial for Ca2+-dependent lymphocyte activation (Hogan et al., 2010). Despite the observation of neuronal ER–plasma-membrane junctions, or sub-surfa ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.