Viral Membrane Channels: Role and Function in the Virus Life Cycle
... assembly [42]. The viral protein responsible for the fluctuation of calcium store is none other than the NSP4 viroporin [49,111–114]. NSP4 is synthesized as an ER trans-membrane glycoprotein but can also exist in secreted form as enterotoxin to induce diarrhea by simultaneously activating secretion ...
... assembly [42]. The viral protein responsible for the fluctuation of calcium store is none other than the NSP4 viroporin [49,111–114]. NSP4 is synthesized as an ER trans-membrane glycoprotein but can also exist in secreted form as enterotoxin to induce diarrhea by simultaneously activating secretion ...
Characterization of Vincristine Transport by the Mr 190,000
... overexpression of P-glycoprotein (9, 12). Thus, although the crossresistance profiles of these two drug-resistance proteins are similar, they are not identical. It has long been noted that in cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein, the degree of reduced drug accumulation seldom correlates well with t ...
... overexpression of P-glycoprotein (9, 12). Thus, although the crossresistance profiles of these two drug-resistance proteins are similar, they are not identical. It has long been noted that in cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein, the degree of reduced drug accumulation seldom correlates well with t ...
Differential Auxin-Transporting Activities of PIN
... have different subcellular polarities, which might be attributable to PIN-specific molecular properties, celltype-specific factors, or both. The different PIN subcellular polarities in different cell types seemingly indicate that cell-type-specific factors are involved in polarity. In the case of PI ...
... have different subcellular polarities, which might be attributable to PIN-specific molecular properties, celltype-specific factors, or both. The different PIN subcellular polarities in different cell types seemingly indicate that cell-type-specific factors are involved in polarity. In the case of PI ...
Phloem loading and unloading of sugars and amino acids
... PHLOEM LOADING AND UNLOADING Exchange of sugars and amino acids between phloem and surrounding tissues has been shown to occur through plasmodesmata (Pds) and cell cytosols (symplasmic loading/ unloading) and/or across plasma membranes via intervening cell walls (apoplasmic loading/unloading). We ch ...
... PHLOEM LOADING AND UNLOADING Exchange of sugars and amino acids between phloem and surrounding tissues has been shown to occur through plasmodesmata (Pds) and cell cytosols (symplasmic loading/ unloading) and/or across plasma membranes via intervening cell walls (apoplasmic loading/unloading). We ch ...
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... entry site nor paternal genetic material (Sadler and Shakes, 2000 Goldstein and Hird, 1996). Instead, centrioles are key. As in most metazoan organisms, the sperm contributes the sole pair of centrioles to the zygote. These centrioles recruit pericentriolar material (PCM) from maternal stores and th ...
... entry site nor paternal genetic material (Sadler and Shakes, 2000 Goldstein and Hird, 1996). Instead, centrioles are key. As in most metazoan organisms, the sperm contributes the sole pair of centrioles to the zygote. These centrioles recruit pericentriolar material (PCM) from maternal stores and th ...
Dissociation of a ll0-kD Peripheral Membrane Protein from the Golgi
... We have previously shown that BFA causes the rapid redistribution of Golgi resident proteins into the ER, resulting in the loss of the Golgi apparatus as a distinct organelle (Lippincott-Schwartz et al., 1989). While the mechanism of action of BFA is far from understood, recent data suggest that the ...
... We have previously shown that BFA causes the rapid redistribution of Golgi resident proteins into the ER, resulting in the loss of the Golgi apparatus as a distinct organelle (Lippincott-Schwartz et al., 1989). While the mechanism of action of BFA is far from understood, recent data suggest that the ...
On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata.
... other, and have, except where there is an abdomen developed, all the viscera and the lacunary portion of the blood-system placed between them. On the other hand, the mantle and test in Ascidia and Molgula are always free, except at the distal extremity of the respiratory tubes, where they are united ...
... other, and have, except where there is an abdomen developed, all the viscera and the lacunary portion of the blood-system placed between them. On the other hand, the mantle and test in Ascidia and Molgula are always free, except at the distal extremity of the respiratory tubes, where they are united ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... trafficking in vacuole formation we asked whether clathrin coats are required. Clathrin coats are important mediators of coated vesicle formation in post-Golgi trafficking as well as during plasma membrane internalization from the cell surface (Anderson et al., 1977; Deborde et al., 2008). The trans ...
... trafficking in vacuole formation we asked whether clathrin coats are required. Clathrin coats are important mediators of coated vesicle formation in post-Golgi trafficking as well as during plasma membrane internalization from the cell surface (Anderson et al., 1977; Deborde et al., 2008). The trans ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... imaged at 24 hpf using confocal microscopy. We observed that most inner cells expressing DN dynamin had fully inflated vacuoles, whereas only 9.6% of expressing cells had fragmented vacuoles (n = 52 cells; Fig. 3, A and B). We also tested the requirement of endocytosis for vacuole maintenance by exp ...
... imaged at 24 hpf using confocal microscopy. We observed that most inner cells expressing DN dynamin had fully inflated vacuoles, whereas only 9.6% of expressing cells had fragmented vacuoles (n = 52 cells; Fig. 3, A and B). We also tested the requirement of endocytosis for vacuole maintenance by exp ...
Anatomy of Larynx A Review - Otolaryngology Online Journal
... Layer 2: This is also otherwise known as the superficial layer of the lamina propria. It is composed of loose fibers and matrix. In clinical parlance it is also referred to as the Reinke's space. This layer contains only minimal elastic and collagenous fibers and offers least resistance to vibration ...
... Layer 2: This is also otherwise known as the superficial layer of the lamina propria. It is composed of loose fibers and matrix. In clinical parlance it is also referred to as the Reinke's space. This layer contains only minimal elastic and collagenous fibers and offers least resistance to vibration ...
Role of the posterior vacuole in Spraguea lophii (Microsporidia
... oxygen generated was proportional to the level of spore firing and the amount of H2O2 substrate added to the medium containing primed spore material. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, activated spores yielded no detectable oxygen and spore hatching was greatly reduced. The enzyme ACOX is always f ...
... oxygen generated was proportional to the level of spore firing and the amount of H2O2 substrate added to the medium containing primed spore material. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, activated spores yielded no detectable oxygen and spore hatching was greatly reduced. The enzyme ACOX is always f ...
Transport and Sorting of the Solanum tuberosum Sucrose
... K0.5 value of oxidized glutathione GSSG was determined to be 3 mM in the presence of 1 mM sucrose (Figure 1E). The optimal DTT-to-GSSG ratio was determined in yeast (Figure 1F), and sucrose uptake was optimal at 9 mM GSSG to 1 mM DTT, indicating that the presence of an electron donor is required for ...
... K0.5 value of oxidized glutathione GSSG was determined to be 3 mM in the presence of 1 mM sucrose (Figure 1E). The optimal DTT-to-GSSG ratio was determined in yeast (Figure 1F), and sucrose uptake was optimal at 9 mM GSSG to 1 mM DTT, indicating that the presence of an electron donor is required for ...
Anatomy of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree
... The two arytenoid cartilages are placed close together on the upper and lateral borders of the cricoid lamina. Each is an irregular three-sided pyramid with a forward projection, the vocal process, attached to the vocal folds, and also a lateral projection, the muscular process to which are attached ...
... The two arytenoid cartilages are placed close together on the upper and lateral borders of the cricoid lamina. Each is an irregular three-sided pyramid with a forward projection, the vocal process, attached to the vocal folds, and also a lateral projection, the muscular process to which are attached ...
Cryptomonadales contains the most complete, active and high
... acids can be oxidized into acidified compounds. This acidified compounds can be produced in the cell membrane, e.g. if it happens in the membrane of mitochondria, the content from inside can leak out through the membrane and cause some malfunction. There is another theory, stating that acidified lip ...
... acids can be oxidized into acidified compounds. This acidified compounds can be produced in the cell membrane, e.g. if it happens in the membrane of mitochondria, the content from inside can leak out through the membrane and cause some malfunction. There is another theory, stating that acidified lip ...
Full Paper - Calcutta Research Group
... used commonly in the region. Tracking diaspora philanthropy in the region can help us get an insight into how communities imagine and build identities around caste. Collective giving for education was an important means for promoting the Kamma caste groups achieve parity with the Brahmins. Philanthr ...
... used commonly in the region. Tracking diaspora philanthropy in the region can help us get an insight into how communities imagine and build identities around caste. Collective giving for education was an important means for promoting the Kamma caste groups achieve parity with the Brahmins. Philanthr ...
Plasticity in Cell Division Patterns and Auxin
... a Suspensor In B. napus, male gametophyte development starts with the singlecelled microspore and after two mitotic divisions (pollen mitosis I and pollen mitosis II) results in the formation of a trinucleate pollen grain (Figure 1A). Heat stress induces a sporophytic program in cultured microspores ...
... a Suspensor In B. napus, male gametophyte development starts with the singlecelled microspore and after two mitotic divisions (pollen mitosis I and pollen mitosis II) results in the formation of a trinucleate pollen grain (Figure 1A). Heat stress induces a sporophytic program in cultured microspores ...
12 Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens
... by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived molecules that generate ‘danger’ signals when they are displaced following cell stress or damage. Damage signals can be generated when ...
... by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived molecules that generate ‘danger’ signals when they are displaced following cell stress or damage. Damage signals can be generated when ...
Chapter 4. Unnatural amino acids with caged side chains
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
Eucalyptus Arabidopsis grandis thaliana
... SuSy amino acid residue determines its cellular distribution. In order to elucidate the role of SuSy in cellulose biosynthesis a number of questions surrounding the function and regulation of SuSy need to be addressed. These questions include: What is the nature of the association between SuSy and ...
... SuSy amino acid residue determines its cellular distribution. In order to elucidate the role of SuSy in cellulose biosynthesis a number of questions surrounding the function and regulation of SuSy need to be addressed. These questions include: What is the nature of the association between SuSy and ...
Agrin-related Molecules Are Concentrated at Acetylcholine Receptor
... Figure 1. The expression of agrin-related molecules precedes the appearance of AchR clusters in developing muscle and is localized at the earliest-forming AchR clusters. Frozen sections of stage 24 (a and b) and stage 25 (c and d) dorsal muscle masses double-labeled with anti-agrin monoclonal 5B1 fo ...
... Figure 1. The expression of agrin-related molecules precedes the appearance of AchR clusters in developing muscle and is localized at the earliest-forming AchR clusters. Frozen sections of stage 24 (a and b) and stage 25 (c and d) dorsal muscle masses double-labeled with anti-agrin monoclonal 5B1 fo ...
Specific Organization of Golgi Apparatus in Plant Cells
... Abstract—Microtubules, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus are connected both directly and indirectly, but it is manifested differently depending on the cell organization and specialization, and these connections are considered in many original studies and reviews. In this review we would like to d ...
... Abstract—Microtubules, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus are connected both directly and indirectly, but it is manifested differently depending on the cell organization and specialization, and these connections are considered in many original studies and reviews. In this review we would like to d ...
Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... has been well documented (Mendgen et al. 1996; Epstein and Nicholson 1997, 2006; Hardham 2001; Osherov and May 2001; Tucker and Talbot 2001). Observational studies with microscopy indicate that many fungi adhere tenaciously onto inert surfaces such as polystyrene in addition to host substrata. Adhes ...
... has been well documented (Mendgen et al. 1996; Epstein and Nicholson 1997, 2006; Hardham 2001; Osherov and May 2001; Tucker and Talbot 2001). Observational studies with microscopy indicate that many fungi adhere tenaciously onto inert surfaces such as polystyrene in addition to host substrata. Adhes ...
Proliferation and morphogenesis of the ER driven by the membrane
... cytosolic bodies (Leivar et al., 2005; Merret et al., 2007). In the present work we show that ...
... cytosolic bodies (Leivar et al., 2005; Merret et al., 2007). In the present work we show that ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... Originally identified as a survival mechanism after stress induced by starvation, macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) has an important role in many biological processes, including cell survival, cell metabolism, development, aging and immunity.4,5 This conserved catabolic process inv ...
... Originally identified as a survival mechanism after stress induced by starvation, macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) has an important role in many biological processes, including cell survival, cell metabolism, development, aging and immunity.4,5 This conserved catabolic process inv ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.