Bacteria under stress by complement and coagulation
... note, activation of the AP can also occur at a low-level via the spontaneous ‘tick-over’ process in which hydrolysis of C3 creates the C3b-like molecule C3H2O (Pangburn et al., 1981; Ricklin et al., 2010). This activation process is down regulated on host cells but quickly amplified on bacterial cel ...
... note, activation of the AP can also occur at a low-level via the spontaneous ‘tick-over’ process in which hydrolysis of C3 creates the C3b-like molecule C3H2O (Pangburn et al., 1981; Ricklin et al., 2010). This activation process is down regulated on host cells but quickly amplified on bacterial cel ...
An Overview of Ligamentous Biomechanics and
... Steinmetz, MP, et al. Craniocervical Junction: Biomechanical Considerations. Neurosurgery. 66:A7-A12. 2010. Martin, MD, et al. Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations of the Craniocervical Junction. Neurosurgery. 66:A2-A6. 2010. Jeffrey G. Clark, Kalil G. Abdullah, Thomas E. Mroz and Michael P. St ...
... Steinmetz, MP, et al. Craniocervical Junction: Biomechanical Considerations. Neurosurgery. 66:A7-A12. 2010. Martin, MD, et al. Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations of the Craniocervical Junction. Neurosurgery. 66:A2-A6. 2010. Jeffrey G. Clark, Kalil G. Abdullah, Thomas E. Mroz and Michael P. St ...
Identification and Characterization of the Acid Phosphatase HppA in
... controls ammonium flux across the bacterial membrane, perhaps in conjunction with metal cation transport, which is thought to be essential for the survival of acidophiles and their adaptation to an acidic environment [1, 4, 16]. Interestingly, ATPases have been suggested to be involved in the regula ...
... controls ammonium flux across the bacterial membrane, perhaps in conjunction with metal cation transport, which is thought to be essential for the survival of acidophiles and their adaptation to an acidic environment [1, 4, 16]. Interestingly, ATPases have been suggested to be involved in the regula ...
alters cell wall construction
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
... Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic heavy metals, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the involvement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient and actin filaments (AFs) in vesicular trafficking, cell wall deposition and tip growth was investigated during root (hair) development of ...
235 actions of bicuculline on cell body and neuropilar membranes of
... bicuculline provides further evidence that, like insect GABA receptors, they do not fit readily into the existing vertebrate classification of receptor subtypes, but form a pharmacologically distinct subtype of nicotinic receptor. In contrast to its action on vertebrate GABAA receptors, bicuculline ...
... bicuculline provides further evidence that, like insect GABA receptors, they do not fit readily into the existing vertebrate classification of receptor subtypes, but form a pharmacologically distinct subtype of nicotinic receptor. In contrast to its action on vertebrate GABAA receptors, bicuculline ...
Hemoglobin Receptor in Leishmania Is a Hexokinase Located in the
... isolated from Leishmania promastigotes using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) was used for cDNA synthesis using Super ScriptII reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, PCR was performed using the above-mentioned primers and Platinum HiFidelity Taq pol ...
... isolated from Leishmania promastigotes using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) was used for cDNA synthesis using Super ScriptII reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, PCR was performed using the above-mentioned primers and Platinum HiFidelity Taq pol ...
Neuronal polarity: an evolutionary perspective
... dendrites, with axons as the output side of the cell and dendrites the input side. This specialization is termed neuronal polarity. In assembling the functional circuit maps that underlie behaviors, it is very helpful to know whether a particular neurite is an axon or a dendrite. This is the key to ...
... dendrites, with axons as the output side of the cell and dendrites the input side. This specialization is termed neuronal polarity. In assembling the functional circuit maps that underlie behaviors, it is very helpful to know whether a particular neurite is an axon or a dendrite. This is the key to ...
Characterization of Chloroplast Division Using the Arabidopsis
... lack of appropriate mutants has been a severe limitation in studies of chloroplast replication, but our recent isolation of a collection of mutants with extreme, specific lesions in the chloroplast division process has remedied this deficiency (Pyke and Leech, 1992,1994; Pyke et al., 1994; Robertson ...
... lack of appropriate mutants has been a severe limitation in studies of chloroplast replication, but our recent isolation of a collection of mutants with extreme, specific lesions in the chloroplast division process has remedied this deficiency (Pyke and Leech, 1992,1994; Pyke et al., 1994; Robertson ...
The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... mitochondria.2 BECN1 and PIK3C3/VPS34, for example, are pivotal in the formation of a lipid kinase complex, which in turn allows the recruitment and shuttling of ATG proteins that contribute to the generation of the phagophore, the initial sequestering compartment. Next, the ubiquitin-like conjugat ...
... mitochondria.2 BECN1 and PIK3C3/VPS34, for example, are pivotal in the formation of a lipid kinase complex, which in turn allows the recruitment and shuttling of ATG proteins that contribute to the generation of the phagophore, the initial sequestering compartment. Next, the ubiquitin-like conjugat ...
Holding it all together? Candidate proteins for the plant Golgi matrix
... The Golgi apparatus in plants plays crucial roles in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the production of polysaccharides for cell wall biosynthesis. Proteins are imported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), entering the Golgi apparatus on the cis side. On their way through the organel ...
... The Golgi apparatus in plants plays crucial roles in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids and in the production of polysaccharides for cell wall biosynthesis. Proteins are imported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), entering the Golgi apparatus on the cis side. On their way through the organel ...
the uptake of valine and cytidine by sea
... cell division. A longer-term experiment with valine showed that the uptake rate remained approximately constant until the pluteus stage, and was not altered for the first l o h by a actinomycin D. Continuous labelling experiments indicated that the uptake rate may be controlled by the level of precu ...
... cell division. A longer-term experiment with valine showed that the uptake rate remained approximately constant until the pluteus stage, and was not altered for the first l o h by a actinomycin D. Continuous labelling experiments indicated that the uptake rate may be controlled by the level of precu ...
biochemical model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal
... concentration of both N A D ÷ and of CoA are high while the concentration of acetyl CoA is low. For example, PHB will be degraded in the presence of oxygen when external carbon sources are limited. Bioenergetics: the proton motive force. A major aspect of bacterial bioenergetics is concerned with th ...
... concentration of both N A D ÷ and of CoA are high while the concentration of acetyl CoA is low. For example, PHB will be degraded in the presence of oxygen when external carbon sources are limited. Bioenergetics: the proton motive force. A major aspect of bacterial bioenergetics is concerned with th ...
Specialization of oleosins in OB dynamics during seed development
... cell wall stains, no fluorescent dye allowed discriminating OBs from cell walls in living embryos (Figure 3-1 a, b). Consequently, individual plant cells could not be detected, and we used estimators of the distance between each OB to its neighbors to answer the question of distribution in the 3D sp ...
... cell wall stains, no fluorescent dye allowed discriminating OBs from cell walls in living embryos (Figure 3-1 a, b). Consequently, individual plant cells could not be detected, and we used estimators of the distance between each OB to its neighbors to answer the question of distribution in the 3D sp ...
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in
... and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell type. In other plant cells, the cytoskeleton was proposed to be engaged, among others, in ion channel operat ...
... and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell type. In other plant cells, the cytoskeleton was proposed to be engaged, among others, in ion channel operat ...
Mobile Factories: Golgi dynamics in plant cells
... and protecting the stack1, but their molecular composition is not known. However, a number of peripheral membrane proteins have been identified in the Golgi of yeast and mammalian cells that may be part of the Golgi matrix33,34. It remains to be seen whether these proteins are also found in plant ce ...
... and protecting the stack1, but their molecular composition is not known. However, a number of peripheral membrane proteins have been identified in the Golgi of yeast and mammalian cells that may be part of the Golgi matrix33,34. It remains to be seen whether these proteins are also found in plant ce ...
Drug resistance patterns and susceptibility to
... B I . However, in the strains of COh examined the Same degree of relationship between antibiotic resistance and action of aflatoxin B1 was not observed because the organism grew at this low concentration of aflatoxin B1 (10 pg/ml). Binding of aflatoxin BI by bacteria decreased progressively with the ...
... B I . However, in the strains of COh examined the Same degree of relationship between antibiotic resistance and action of aflatoxin B1 was not observed because the organism grew at this low concentration of aflatoxin B1 (10 pg/ml). Binding of aflatoxin BI by bacteria decreased progressively with the ...
Plant development, auxin, and the subsystem
... in the pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The IAA synthesized by this and other pathogenic bacteria results in abnormal morphological changes in host plants (Spaepen et al., 2007). Auxin produced by epiphytic bacteria appears to be of importance for symbiotic plant–microbe interactions ...
... in the pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The IAA synthesized by this and other pathogenic bacteria results in abnormal morphological changes in host plants (Spaepen et al., 2007). Auxin produced by epiphytic bacteria appears to be of importance for symbiotic plant–microbe interactions ...
Planctomycetes – a phylum of emerging interest for
... homologs in Prosthecobacter dejongeii (Jenkins et al., 2002b) and actual tubules in the uncultured symbionts of protozoans called ‘epixenosomes’ (Petroni et al., 2000; Rosati et al., 1993). Prosthecobacter and epixenosome symbionts are members of the verrucomicrobia phylum, which some phylogenetic a ...
... homologs in Prosthecobacter dejongeii (Jenkins et al., 2002b) and actual tubules in the uncultured symbionts of protozoans called ‘epixenosomes’ (Petroni et al., 2000; Rosati et al., 1993). Prosthecobacter and epixenosome symbionts are members of the verrucomicrobia phylum, which some phylogenetic a ...
Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Sugar Beet Leaves
... Most amino acid transport experiments have been conducted with intact tissues or suspension culture cells (2, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 25). Although these systems have provided important insight into the nature of amino acid transport, this experimental approach is limited by a number of problems whi ...
... Most amino acid transport experiments have been conducted with intact tissues or suspension culture cells (2, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 25). Although these systems have provided important insight into the nature of amino acid transport, this experimental approach is limited by a number of problems whi ...
Mutational Analysis of Synaptobrevin Transmembrane Domain
... The vast majority of information about SNAREs arises from studies of the soluble cytoplasmic domains, but it is now becoming clear that the transmembrane domains affect both the structure and the function of SNAREs. Synaptobrevin forms a complex with synaptophysin that is dependent on the presence o ...
... The vast majority of information about SNAREs arises from studies of the soluble cytoplasmic domains, but it is now becoming clear that the transmembrane domains affect both the structure and the function of SNAREs. Synaptobrevin forms a complex with synaptophysin that is dependent on the presence o ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Cell Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Other Functions of the Rho Family GTPases . . ...
... Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Cell Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Other Functions of the Rho Family GTPases . . ...
Minireview: Lipid Droplets in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
... A fifth perilipin family member has been characterized independently by three groups and named myocardial lipid droplet protein (MLDP) (25), OXPAT (26), and lipid storage droplet protein 5 (LSDP5) (27). In COS cells that stably or transiently express OXPAT, OXPAT moves to lipid droplets in response ...
... A fifth perilipin family member has been characterized independently by three groups and named myocardial lipid droplet protein (MLDP) (25), OXPAT (26), and lipid storage droplet protein 5 (LSDP5) (27). In COS cells that stably or transiently express OXPAT, OXPAT moves to lipid droplets in response ...
Cryptic O2 –-generating NADPH oxidase in
... mouse spleen. In others, to increase the yield of sDCs, peritoneal injections in BALB/c mice were performed daily for nine consecutive days with 10 µg of recombinant human Flt-3L (human Chinese Hamster Ovary cell derived, kindly provided by Immunex, Seattle, WA). In both cases, sDCs were purified as ...
... mouse spleen. In others, to increase the yield of sDCs, peritoneal injections in BALB/c mice were performed daily for nine consecutive days with 10 µg of recombinant human Flt-3L (human Chinese Hamster Ovary cell derived, kindly provided by Immunex, Seattle, WA). In both cases, sDCs were purified as ...
Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of
... NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) was originally identified as a phototropic loss-of-function mutant in Arabidopsis (Liscum and Briggs, 1995). NPH3 encodes a protein containing an N-terminal Broad-complex, Tramtrack, and Bric-á-brac (BTB) domain, a central NPH3 domain (Pfam, PF03000), and a C-terminal ...
... NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) was originally identified as a phototropic loss-of-function mutant in Arabidopsis (Liscum and Briggs, 1995). NPH3 encodes a protein containing an N-terminal Broad-complex, Tramtrack, and Bric-á-brac (BTB) domain, a central NPH3 domain (Pfam, PF03000), and a C-terminal ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.