“Breakthroughs” of the 20th Century
... Astronomy was revolutionized in the 20th century. The electron was discovered in 1897 and this transformed spectroscopy and introduced plasma and magnetohydrodynamic physics and astro-chemistry. Einstein’s E = mc2, solved the problem of stellar energy generation and spawned the study of elemental nu ...
... Astronomy was revolutionized in the 20th century. The electron was discovered in 1897 and this transformed spectroscopy and introduced plasma and magnetohydrodynamic physics and astro-chemistry. Einstein’s E = mc2, solved the problem of stellar energy generation and spawned the study of elemental nu ...
Stellar Evolution Guiding Questions Stars Evolve
... rapidly than average will escape from such a cluster • A stellar association is a group of newborn stars that are moving apart so rapidly that their gravitational attraction for one another cannot pull them into orbit about one another ...
... rapidly than average will escape from such a cluster • A stellar association is a group of newborn stars that are moving apart so rapidly that their gravitational attraction for one another cannot pull them into orbit about one another ...
Document
... The bigger the Star the smaller its lifespan • The most massive stars have the shortest lives. • Stars that are 25 to 50 times that of the Sun live for only a few million years. • Stars like our Sun live for about 10 billion years (our Sun is about half way through its life cycle!) • Stars less mas ...
... The bigger the Star the smaller its lifespan • The most massive stars have the shortest lives. • Stars that are 25 to 50 times that of the Sun live for only a few million years. • Stars like our Sun live for about 10 billion years (our Sun is about half way through its life cycle!) • Stars less mas ...
a geocentric orrery
... the earth and parallel to the sides of the earth's platform. At that time the "star card" was directly behind the earth, as was Mars. In the photo below, it is September 21st and Mars has moved to the lower left. Mercury is visible just to the left of the sun, left of the box, and Venus is to the ri ...
... the earth and parallel to the sides of the earth's platform. At that time the "star card" was directly behind the earth, as was Mars. In the photo below, it is September 21st and Mars has moved to the lower left. Mercury is visible just to the left of the sun, left of the box, and Venus is to the ri ...
an all-sky extrasolar planet survey with multiple object, dispersed
... ASEPS visible-wavelength survey has the sensitivity to detect giant planets at Jupiter-like distances (5 AU) from parent stars with V < 11. The nearinfrared survey will focus on infrared-bright M stars and may lead to discoveries of super-Earth-mass planets (∼10 Earth masses) in the habitable zones ...
... ASEPS visible-wavelength survey has the sensitivity to detect giant planets at Jupiter-like distances (5 AU) from parent stars with V < 11. The nearinfrared survey will focus on infrared-bright M stars and may lead to discoveries of super-Earth-mass planets (∼10 Earth masses) in the habitable zones ...
Events: - Temecula Valley Astronomers
... Venus reached greatest elongation (angular distance from the Sun) on June 6. Venus and Jupiter are only 0.3 deg apart on June 30 and 0.60 deg apart on July 1. Both planets plunge toward the dusk horizon, with Jupiter sprinting ahead for a few days. But Venus actually catches up to Jupiter by July 31 ...
... Venus reached greatest elongation (angular distance from the Sun) on June 6. Venus and Jupiter are only 0.3 deg apart on June 30 and 0.60 deg apart on July 1. Both planets plunge toward the dusk horizon, with Jupiter sprinting ahead for a few days. But Venus actually catches up to Jupiter by July 31 ...
Planet-finding Activity Guide How do we find planets around other
... This method derives from one of the insights of Einstein’s theory of general relativity: gravity bends space. We normally think of light as traveling in a straight line, but light rays become bent when passing through space that is warped by the presence of a massive object such as a star. This effe ...
... This method derives from one of the insights of Einstein’s theory of general relativity: gravity bends space. We normally think of light as traveling in a straight line, but light rays become bent when passing through space that is warped by the presence of a massive object such as a star. This effe ...
Investigating Supernova Remnants - Chandra X
... density and temperature in the center of the white dwarf become so severe that carbon starts fusing explosively. Within one second the fusion moves from the center to the surface and the white dwarf undergoes a thermonuclear explosion and is completely destroyed. Only the remnant remains. All of the ...
... density and temperature in the center of the white dwarf become so severe that carbon starts fusing explosively. Within one second the fusion moves from the center to the surface and the white dwarf undergoes a thermonuclear explosion and is completely destroyed. Only the remnant remains. All of the ...
CONSTELLATIONS
... Autumnal Equinox / September 21 THE PLANETS As you have seen, the dashed line on the planisphere marks the ecliptic. As our Earth moves around in its orbit, the Sun, the Moon, and the planets also appear along this line. The ecliptic therefore represents the plane of the solar system. Of the nine pl ...
... Autumnal Equinox / September 21 THE PLANETS As you have seen, the dashed line on the planisphere marks the ecliptic. As our Earth moves around in its orbit, the Sun, the Moon, and the planets also appear along this line. The ecliptic therefore represents the plane of the solar system. Of the nine pl ...
Fulltext
... between an orbit and the ecliptical plane) can be quite large, in comparison with a planetary orbit. Zones of unstable orbits are empty, for obvious reasons, thus creating gaps in the distribution of asteroidal orbits (see Fig 6). If it could be seen from above, the asteroidal belt would look like t ...
... between an orbit and the ecliptical plane) can be quite large, in comparison with a planetary orbit. Zones of unstable orbits are empty, for obvious reasons, thus creating gaps in the distribution of asteroidal orbits (see Fig 6). If it could be seen from above, the asteroidal belt would look like t ...
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... Newton’s law: GM(Earth)M ⊙ /r 2 = M(Earth)v 2 /r. If r is known, then v (the orbital velocity) is known (v = 2πr/P , P is the period, 1 year). This gives M ⊙ = 1.99 × 1033 gm. All other stellar masses are from binaries except for a few gravitational redshifts for white dwarfs. The problems of binari ...
... Newton’s law: GM(Earth)M ⊙ /r 2 = M(Earth)v 2 /r. If r is known, then v (the orbital velocity) is known (v = 2πr/P , P is the period, 1 year). This gives M ⊙ = 1.99 × 1033 gm. All other stellar masses are from binaries except for a few gravitational redshifts for white dwarfs. The problems of binari ...
FCAT 2.0 8th grade Science Review - Aventura Waterways K
... SC.8.E.5.2 Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars. SC.8.E.5.3 Distinguish the hierarchical relationships between planets and other astronomical bodies relative to solar system, galaxy, and universe, including distance, size ...
... SC.8.E.5.2 Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars. SC.8.E.5.3 Distinguish the hierarchical relationships between planets and other astronomical bodies relative to solar system, galaxy, and universe, including distance, size ...
Stellar Evolution
... • These tiny stars are much smaller than planet Earth -- in fact, they are about the diameter of a large city (~20 km). • One cubic centimeter (like a sugar cube) of a neutron star, would have a mass of about 1011 kg! (hundreds of billions of pounds!) ...
... • These tiny stars are much smaller than planet Earth -- in fact, they are about the diameter of a large city (~20 km). • One cubic centimeter (like a sugar cube) of a neutron star, would have a mass of about 1011 kg! (hundreds of billions of pounds!) ...
D2 Stellar characteristics and stellar evolution
... Cepheid variables are stars with regular variation in luminosity (rapid brightening, gradual dimming) which is caused by periodic expansion and contraction of outer surface (brighter as it expands). This is to do with the balance between the nuclear and gravitational forces within the star. In most ...
... Cepheid variables are stars with regular variation in luminosity (rapid brightening, gradual dimming) which is caused by periodic expansion and contraction of outer surface (brighter as it expands). This is to do with the balance between the nuclear and gravitational forces within the star. In most ...
Document
... • As the helium core grows, it compresses. Helium doesn’t fuse to heavier elements for two reasons. (1) with 2 p+ per nucleus, the electric repulsion force is higher than was the case for H-fusion. This means that helium fusion requires a higher temperature than hydrogen fusion -- 100 million K (2) ...
... • As the helium core grows, it compresses. Helium doesn’t fuse to heavier elements for two reasons. (1) with 2 p+ per nucleus, the electric repulsion force is higher than was the case for H-fusion. This means that helium fusion requires a higher temperature than hydrogen fusion -- 100 million K (2) ...
Science Across Disciplines
... The discovery of extra-solar planets is one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. There are now more than two hundred such objects known, and the recent detection of planets with masses approximately 5 times that of Earth demonstrates that extra-solar planets of low mass exist. In additi ...
... The discovery of extra-solar planets is one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. There are now more than two hundred such objects known, and the recent detection of planets with masses approximately 5 times that of Earth demonstrates that extra-solar planets of low mass exist. In additi ...
Question Paper - SAVE MY EXAMS!
... The ultimate fate of the universe depends upon the total amount of matter in the universe. One possibility is a big crunch where the universe eventually contracts back into a point of infinite density. A universe with such a future would be described as being A closed. B critical. C flat. D open. (T ...
... The ultimate fate of the universe depends upon the total amount of matter in the universe. One possibility is a big crunch where the universe eventually contracts back into a point of infinite density. A universe with such a future would be described as being A closed. B critical. C flat. D open. (T ...
Building the Hertzsprung
... tenth as massive as our sun? A: 1 billion years = 109 years B: 10 billion years = 1010 years C: 100 billion years = 1011 years D: 1 trillion years = 1012 years ...
... tenth as massive as our sun? A: 1 billion years = 109 years B: 10 billion years = 1010 years C: 100 billion years = 1011 years D: 1 trillion years = 1012 years ...
The Planetarium Fleischmann Planetarium
... Microscopii and Beta Pictoris, where planets may still be forming. If our solar system is any example, planets should have formed around Fomalhaut within tens of millions of years after the birth of the star. The Hubble images also provide a glimpse of the outer planetary region surrounding a star o ...
... Microscopii and Beta Pictoris, where planets may still be forming. If our solar system is any example, planets should have formed around Fomalhaut within tens of millions of years after the birth of the star. The Hubble images also provide a glimpse of the outer planetary region surrounding a star o ...
Notes (PowerPoint)
... pressure with air pressure from tank • Tank does not need to be thick for depths o Crushing water pressure is fairly balanced with inside air pressure – more than balanced, actually o Needs to be thick to contain air pressure above water • Outside pressure is much less there ...
... pressure with air pressure from tank • Tank does not need to be thick for depths o Crushing water pressure is fairly balanced with inside air pressure – more than balanced, actually o Needs to be thick to contain air pressure above water • Outside pressure is much less there ...
Galaxies, stars and planets
... many people on the Earth can't be used. The Universe is around 14 billion years old and contains materials with a range of properties that far exceeds anything that can be replicated in laboratories on the Earth. Temperatures range from close to absolute zero (−273.15 ºC) in dense clouds of gas and ...
... many people on the Earth can't be used. The Universe is around 14 billion years old and contains materials with a range of properties that far exceeds anything that can be replicated in laboratories on the Earth. Temperatures range from close to absolute zero (−273.15 ºC) in dense clouds of gas and ...
February 2013 - astronomy for beginners
... brightest stars are called Pollux (β) and Castor (α) and are known as the Gemini Twins. The twins originated in a Greek myth which told that they had one mother but two fathers. Castor was the mortal son of King Tyndareus but Pollux was the immortal son of the God Zeus who had disguised himself as C ...
... brightest stars are called Pollux (β) and Castor (α) and are known as the Gemini Twins. The twins originated in a Greek myth which told that they had one mother but two fathers. Castor was the mortal son of King Tyndareus but Pollux was the immortal son of the God Zeus who had disguised himself as C ...
Exercises - Leiden Observatory
... The most important way to transport energy form the interior of the star to the surface is by radiation, i.e. photons traveling from the center to the surface. (a) How long does it typically take for a photon to travel from the center of the Sun to the surface? [Hint: estimate the mean free path of ...
... The most important way to transport energy form the interior of the star to the surface is by radiation, i.e. photons traveling from the center to the surface. (a) How long does it typically take for a photon to travel from the center of the Sun to the surface? [Hint: estimate the mean free path of ...
Lecture 8: The Stars - Department of Physics and Astronomy
... Pioneers of Stellar Classification A better classification scheme was found by Annie Jump Canon, who joined the “computers” in 1896. Found that stars come in a “natural sequence”. The current scheme of O, B, A, F, G, K, M resulted from Canon revising Fleming’s work. Canon went on to classify 400, ...
... Pioneers of Stellar Classification A better classification scheme was found by Annie Jump Canon, who joined the “computers” in 1896. Found that stars come in a “natural sequence”. The current scheme of O, B, A, F, G, K, M resulted from Canon revising Fleming’s work. Canon went on to classify 400, ...
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and sustain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favourable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as ""extended regions of liquid water, conditions favourable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.""In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies.The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System.The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10–17 million years old. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the universe. Nonetheless, Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbor life. Estimates of habitable zones around other stars, along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth, suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the universe than considered possible until very recently. On 4 November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists.