Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactor ...
... information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactor ...
Insulin Treatment Prevents Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Injury
... Materials and Methods Experimental design. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that insulin regulates HIV-1 replication and associated neuroinflammation in the brain and that intranasal insulin treatment in an HIV/AIDS animal model is neuroprotective. Primary human microglia and neurons we ...
... Materials and Methods Experimental design. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that insulin regulates HIV-1 replication and associated neuroinflammation in the brain and that intranasal insulin treatment in an HIV/AIDS animal model is neuroprotective. Primary human microglia and neurons we ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... prominent spectral notch located in the frequency region between 5 and 18 kHz (marked “FN region” in Fig. 1A). The center frequency of the notch increases as the azimuth increases. This notch, called the first notch, is a potent spectral cue to sound source location (Rice et al. 1992). At higher fre ...
... prominent spectral notch located in the frequency region between 5 and 18 kHz (marked “FN region” in Fig. 1A). The center frequency of the notch increases as the azimuth increases. This notch, called the first notch, is a potent spectral cue to sound source location (Rice et al. 1992). At higher fre ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... 1.1 Circadian regulation by the suprachiasmatic nucleus Many physiological and behavioural processes follow daily and seasonal rhythms that permit the organism to function in a circadian manner in preparation to respond to environmental challenges that are critical to survival. These include oscilla ...
... 1.1 Circadian regulation by the suprachiasmatic nucleus Many physiological and behavioural processes follow daily and seasonal rhythms that permit the organism to function in a circadian manner in preparation to respond to environmental challenges that are critical to survival. These include oscilla ...
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... (known also as filensin) and Bfsp2 (also known as phakinin or CP49) [11,17]. Keratins can form only heteropolymers in epithelial cells combining proteins of the I and II class in a 1:1 ratio [18], while type III IFs form mainly homopolymers but are able also to associate with other type III or type ...
... (known also as filensin) and Bfsp2 (also known as phakinin or CP49) [11,17]. Keratins can form only heteropolymers in epithelial cells combining proteins of the I and II class in a 1:1 ratio [18], while type III IFs form mainly homopolymers but are able also to associate with other type III or type ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... Animals and tissue preparation Tadpoles of laboratory-bred Xenopus laevis (stages 51– 56; staged after Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1994) were used. Late premetamorphic stages were chosen because the OB is morphologically fully developed by this time (Byrd and Burd, 1991; Nezlin and Schild, 2000). The anima ...
... Animals and tissue preparation Tadpoles of laboratory-bred Xenopus laevis (stages 51– 56; staged after Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1994) were used. Late premetamorphic stages were chosen because the OB is morphologically fully developed by this time (Byrd and Burd, 1991; Nezlin and Schild, 2000). The anima ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... TNF-α in CNS disease TNF-α may play a key role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including ischemia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), HIV-1–associated dementia (HAD), MS, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and AD (Grazia De Simoni and Imeri, 1998). The modes by which TNF-α production and a ...
... TNF-α in CNS disease TNF-α may play a key role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including ischemia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), HIV-1–associated dementia (HAD), MS, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and AD (Grazia De Simoni and Imeri, 1998). The modes by which TNF-α production and a ...
Experimentally cross-wired lingual taste nerves can restore normal
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... to their targets has come from studying populations of cranial sensory neurons whose axons have markedly different distances to grow to their targets (Davies, 1989; Vogel and Davies, 1991). The neurons of the vestibular, geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia are derived from thickened regions of h ...
... to their targets has come from studying populations of cranial sensory neurons whose axons have markedly different distances to grow to their targets (Davies, 1989; Vogel and Davies, 1991). The neurons of the vestibular, geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia are derived from thickened regions of h ...
cerebellum
... • Infarcts are more common in PICA and SCA • Often, lateral medulla and pons are involved: – Look for brainstem signs and symptoms • Infarct that spare lateral brainstem and involve mainly cerebellum are more common with SCA. • Large infarct can cause swelling of the cerebellum hydrocephalus or bra ...
... • Infarcts are more common in PICA and SCA • Often, lateral medulla and pons are involved: – Look for brainstem signs and symptoms • Infarct that spare lateral brainstem and involve mainly cerebellum are more common with SCA. • Large infarct can cause swelling of the cerebellum hydrocephalus or bra ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... The Ube3a YFP mice were mated with wild-type (WT) mice to obtain offspring that inherited the Ube3a YFP allele either through the maternal or paternal germline. On the basis of the increased molecular weight of E6-AP:YFP (E6-AP, 100 kDa; E6-AP:YFP, 130 kDa), we used western blotting to distinguish t ...
... The Ube3a YFP mice were mated with wild-type (WT) mice to obtain offspring that inherited the Ube3a YFP allele either through the maternal or paternal germline. On the basis of the increased molecular weight of E6-AP:YFP (E6-AP, 100 kDa; E6-AP:YFP, 130 kDa), we used western blotting to distinguish t ...
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... glia cells is described. On the basis of this information, the principles of the generation of extracellular field potentials are outlined and the various types of field potentials are characterized. ...
... glia cells is described. On the basis of this information, the principles of the generation of extracellular field potentials are outlined and the various types of field potentials are characterized. ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between different areas, whereas interneurons primarily contribute to local neural assemblies to mo ...
... acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between different areas, whereas interneurons primarily contribute to local neural assemblies to mo ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual
... not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... of 2% or 5% per hour over 2 h had a biphasic effect on AVP secretion: a short suppression (<60 min) followed by a rebound ...
... of 2% or 5% per hour over 2 h had a biphasic effect on AVP secretion: a short suppression (<60 min) followed by a rebound ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... and also (b) what Kenneth Roeder called ‘neural parsimony’: that optimal information can be encoded, and complex acts of sensorimotor coordination can be mediated, by small ensembles of cells. Insect motor systems have proven to be relatively complex, and so studies of their organization typically h ...
... and also (b) what Kenneth Roeder called ‘neural parsimony’: that optimal information can be encoded, and complex acts of sensorimotor coordination can be mediated, by small ensembles of cells. Insect motor systems have proven to be relatively complex, and so studies of their organization typically h ...
Examination of Rhythmicity of Extracellularly Recorded Neurons in the Entorhinal Cortex
... times. Here, we uniformly jittered spike times by 610 s and recalculated the theta index. We did this 1,000 times to generate an empirical null distribution and to estimate the significance (P-values) of the theta index (Fig. 1c). Previous studies including Yartsev et al. (2011) have used these high ...
... times. Here, we uniformly jittered spike times by 610 s and recalculated the theta index. We did this 1,000 times to generate an empirical null distribution and to estimate the significance (P-values) of the theta index (Fig. 1c). Previous studies including Yartsev et al. (2011) have used these high ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... states, the production of seizures (McCormick and Contreras 2001), and may contain functional subnetworks subserving these myriad functions (Halassa et al. 2014). Despite the wealth of data derived from slice physiological studies about the TRN, the specific role of the TRN in modulating larger-scal ...
... states, the production of seizures (McCormick and Contreras 2001), and may contain functional subnetworks subserving these myriad functions (Halassa et al. 2014). Despite the wealth of data derived from slice physiological studies about the TRN, the specific role of the TRN in modulating larger-scal ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Figure 1. Identification, structure, expression, and intracellular localization of shootin1. (A) Differential 2DE analysis of proteins in stage 2 (cultured for 14 h) and stage 3 (cultured for 62 h) hippocampal neurons. The arrows indicate the protein spot of shootin1 enriched in the stage 3 sample ( ...
... Figure 1. Identification, structure, expression, and intracellular localization of shootin1. (A) Differential 2DE analysis of proteins in stage 2 (cultured for 14 h) and stage 3 (cultured for 62 h) hippocampal neurons. The arrows indicate the protein spot of shootin1 enriched in the stage 3 sample ( ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... aid of highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which is abundantly expressed in the developing brain, as well as in brain areas that undergo continuous remodeling. The major findings of these studies were: 1A) The distribution of calcium-binding proteins largely followed the ...
... aid of highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which is abundantly expressed in the developing brain, as well as in brain areas that undergo continuous remodeling. The major findings of these studies were: 1A) The distribution of calcium-binding proteins largely followed the ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... olive. In the first chapter, I report on the first direct patch-‐clamp recordings from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of ...
... olive. In the first chapter, I report on the first direct patch-‐clamp recordings from olivary axons, and show that they fire in short bursts that can relay information about the state of ...
Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It is composed of four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition. Along with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the SVZ is one of two places where neurogenesis has been found to occur in the adult mammalian brain.