In vivo expression of alternatively spliced forms of integrin
... IAP are identical to those reported for the OV-3 antigen (Campbell et al., 1992). The cDNAs differ from each other by increasingly long extensions at the 3′ end of the coding region. Since the carboxy terminus of the protein is intracytoplasmic (Lindberg et al., 1993), each of these cDNAs would code ...
... IAP are identical to those reported for the OV-3 antigen (Campbell et al., 1992). The cDNAs differ from each other by increasingly long extensions at the 3′ end of the coding region. Since the carboxy terminus of the protein is intracytoplasmic (Lindberg et al., 1993), each of these cDNAs would code ...
Efficient gene transduction of neurons by lentivirus with
... IIF between CMV and all the hybrid promoters by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. E/Ta1 promoter displayed higher intensity than CMV promoter in the neostriatum, whereas E/CaMKII and E/PDGF promoters exhibited lower intensities than CMV promoter in the thalamu ...
... IIF between CMV and all the hybrid promoters by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. E/Ta1 promoter displayed higher intensity than CMV promoter in the neostriatum, whereas E/CaMKII and E/PDGF promoters exhibited lower intensities than CMV promoter in the thalamu ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... inhibitory interneurons may play a pivotal role as they express nuclear estrogen receptor-alpha (ER␣). It is also likely that estrogens may locally regulate events at the sites of synaptic contact in the excitatory pyramidal neurons where the synapses form. Indeed, recent ultrastructural data reveal ...
... inhibitory interneurons may play a pivotal role as they express nuclear estrogen receptor-alpha (ER␣). It is also likely that estrogens may locally regulate events at the sites of synaptic contact in the excitatory pyramidal neurons where the synapses form. Indeed, recent ultrastructural data reveal ...
TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL REGULATION OF a1, b2 AND b3
... pyramidal cells to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. 78,81,83 GABAA receptor agonist potency was also reduced in CA1 pyramidal cells. 78 Moreover, among the principal hippocampal cell types studied following chronic benzodiazepine treatments with a range of electrophysiological approaches, GABAergic ...
... pyramidal cells to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. 78,81,83 GABAA receptor agonist potency was also reduced in CA1 pyramidal cells. 78 Moreover, among the principal hippocampal cell types studied following chronic benzodiazepine treatments with a range of electrophysiological approaches, GABAergic ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting an important role for this neuropeptide in CNS. The neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory activities of VIP include diverse actions as rhythm generation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus [11, 12] the regulation ...
... VIP and its receptors are widely expressed in numerous brain regions [3] (Fig. 1), suggesting an important role for this neuropeptide in CNS. The neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory activities of VIP include diverse actions as rhythm generation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus [11, 12] the regulation ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... axons terminate in all cortical layers but most heavily in layers IV and VI. The majority of the cells in the visual claustrum project to the cortex, and retinotopy is maintained throughout the entire corticoclaustral loop. No subcortical projections from the claustrum could be identified. ...
... axons terminate in all cortical layers but most heavily in layers IV and VI. The majority of the cells in the visual claustrum project to the cortex, and retinotopy is maintained throughout the entire corticoclaustral loop. No subcortical projections from the claustrum could be identified. ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... dual-probe ISH, which is essential to distinguish two cell types expressing distinct marker genes. Importantly, we were able to combine ISH with retrograde tracing and antibody staining including BrdU staining that enables birthdating. These techniques should prove useful in identifying and characte ...
... dual-probe ISH, which is essential to distinguish two cell types expressing distinct marker genes. Importantly, we were able to combine ISH with retrograde tracing and antibody staining including BrdU staining that enables birthdating. These techniques should prove useful in identifying and characte ...
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... The precise timing of events in the brain has consequences for intracellular processes, synaptic plasticity, integration and network behaviour. Pyramidal neurons, the most widespread excitatory neuron of the neocortex have multiple spike initiation zones, which interact via dendritic and somatic spi ...
... The precise timing of events in the brain has consequences for intracellular processes, synaptic plasticity, integration and network behaviour. Pyramidal neurons, the most widespread excitatory neuron of the neocortex have multiple spike initiation zones, which interact via dendritic and somatic spi ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... visual stimuli, some form of location invariance of a stimulus on the retinae would undoubtedly be required, as it is unlikely bees would perfectly align the stimulus against their eyes on every single flight in order to make a discrimination decision. Indeed it would be an undesirable necessity tha ...
... visual stimuli, some form of location invariance of a stimulus on the retinae would undoubtedly be required, as it is unlikely bees would perfectly align the stimulus against their eyes on every single flight in order to make a discrimination decision. Indeed it would be an undesirable necessity tha ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-co ...
... reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-co ...
Transgenic Mice for Intersectional Targeting of Neural Sensors and
... to reliably achieve AAV-like high-level expression is the use of the Thy1.2 promoter in randomly integrated transgenes (Arenkiel et al., 2007; Dana et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2000; Zhao et al., 2008), presumably with multiple copies at the insertion site. Although powerful in driving tool gene expre ...
... to reliably achieve AAV-like high-level expression is the use of the Thy1.2 promoter in randomly integrated transgenes (Arenkiel et al., 2007; Dana et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2000; Zhao et al., 2008), presumably with multiple copies at the insertion site. Although powerful in driving tool gene expre ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombination virus is often another AAV, which is also injected at the soma level. Sometimes, however, projection-specific manipulations have been achieved by injection of HSV or canine adeno virus (CAV2), both of which travel in retrograde after transduction ...
... expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombination virus is often another AAV, which is also injected at the soma level. Sometimes, however, projection-specific manipulations have been achieved by injection of HSV or canine adeno virus (CAV2), both of which travel in retrograde after transduction ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... The anatomy of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive, recurrent feedback neurons in the mushroom body (MB) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was investigated by using intraneuropilar injections of cobalt ions and light microscopic techniques. Each MB contains approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive ...
... The anatomy of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive, recurrent feedback neurons in the mushroom body (MB) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was investigated by using intraneuropilar injections of cobalt ions and light microscopic techniques. Each MB contains approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... memories reside within the forebrain, and indeed it is this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of di ...
... memories reside within the forebrain, and indeed it is this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of di ...
Multiple Running Speed Signals in Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... determination for each cell of whether (1) its firing rate was statistically significantly modulated by running speed and (2) it was significantly better fit with a saturating exponential function than a linear function (Figures 1A and 1B). This approach was applied using a point estimate on spikes ...
... determination for each cell of whether (1) its firing rate was statistically significantly modulated by running speed and (2) it was significantly better fit with a saturating exponential function than a linear function (Figures 1A and 1B). This approach was applied using a point estimate on spikes ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... FIG. 1. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recording from a CA1 pyramidal cell. A: montage of the dorsal hippocampal area CA1 and overlying cortex showing the placement of electrodes from a successful simultaneous recording. The tetrode tip was placed in the CA1 pyramidal layer. A sharp gl ...
... FIG. 1. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recording from a CA1 pyramidal cell. A: montage of the dorsal hippocampal area CA1 and overlying cortex showing the placement of electrodes from a successful simultaneous recording. The tetrode tip was placed in the CA1 pyramidal layer. A sharp gl ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... For records of arterial pressure, a femoral artery was catheterized using a catheter tube (PE50; Clay Adams, Parsip- ...
... For records of arterial pressure, a femoral artery was catheterized using a catheter tube (PE50; Clay Adams, Parsip- ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... of all recorded MNTB neurons were inhibited by ipsilateral sound stimuli, but juvenile neurons displayed a much greater suppression of firing as compared with those in adults. A comparison of the prepotential and postsynaptic action potential indicated that inhibition occurred at the presynaptic lev ...
... of all recorded MNTB neurons were inhibited by ipsilateral sound stimuli, but juvenile neurons displayed a much greater suppression of firing as compared with those in adults. A comparison of the prepotential and postsynaptic action potential indicated that inhibition occurred at the presynaptic lev ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... the brain extending from the telencephalon through the midbrain. Among the many unique features of the basal ganglia is the fact that it is composed almost entirely ( 98.8%; see Tepper et al., 2007) of GABAergic neurons. The neostriatum, the largest single nucleus in the basal ganglia, not surprisin ...
... the brain extending from the telencephalon through the midbrain. Among the many unique features of the basal ganglia is the fact that it is composed almost entirely ( 98.8%; see Tepper et al., 2007) of GABAergic neurons. The neostriatum, the largest single nucleus in the basal ganglia, not surprisin ...
Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster
... Stepanyan, Ruben, Kristen Day, Jason Urban, Debra H. Hardin, Ranjit S. Shetty, Charles D. Derby, Barry W. Ache, and Timothy S. McClintock. Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster olfactory organ. Physiol Genomics 25: 224 –233, 2006; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00276.2005.—T ...
... Stepanyan, Ruben, Kristen Day, Jason Urban, Debra H. Hardin, Ranjit S. Shetty, Charles D. Derby, Barry W. Ache, and Timothy S. McClintock. Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster olfactory organ. Physiol Genomics 25: 224 –233, 2006; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00276.2005.—T ...
Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It is composed of four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition. Along with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the SVZ is one of two places where neurogenesis has been found to occur in the adult mammalian brain.