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... nascent proteins into the ER membrane. • Membrane protein topology can be predicted by computer programs that identify hydrophobic topogenic segments within the primary amino acid sequence. • Some cell-surface proteins are initially synthesized as transmembrane proteins and transferred to a GPI anch ...
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... Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids: Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to _______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room temperature they are typically ______________ ...
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Proteolysis



Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.
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