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Notes Chemical Basis for Life BIO.A.2
Notes Chemical Basis for Life BIO.A.2

... • Different types of fatty acids: – Saturated - all single, covalent bonds in between carbons in chain – Unsaturated - one double bond between carbons in chain – Polyunsaturated - many double bonds between carbons in chain ...
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... Proteins: Synthesis  Amino acids are covalently bonded together by peptide linkages or peptide bond  Chemically this is an amide bond  Each amino acid is called a residue  Reaction proceeds leaving the amino terminus of the 1st aa and the carboxyl terminus of the last aa unmodified (free) ...
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... concentration of the DSC scans indicates that the unfolding process is kinetically controlled. Secondary structure analysis with CD and K2D software estimates that E2 is composed of ~41-45% α-helix and ~18-23% β-sheet, which compares well with crystallographic data. A thermal transition scan with CD ...
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... Amino acids are a constituent that make up proteins, which are comprised of a set of around 20 amino acids. Amino acids are also the material from which a body is formed, and human beings cannot live without them. The term BCAA (branched-chain amino acid) often mentioned in the context of sports sup ...
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4 – 2 Chemical Compounds in Living Things

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... molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (CLPN). These organic (aka carbon containing) molecules are often called macromolecules because they may be very large, containing thousands of the carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together. In fig. 1a, Figure 1a you can see ho ...
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...  A molecule is a substance when two or more atoms combine  Molecules of different kinds of atoms are compounds  Molecules found in living things are usually made of different combinations of six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.  These elements combine to form ...
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... G. What nitrogen bases pair together in DNA? In RNA? DNA- Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine with Cytosime RNA- Adenine pairs with Uracil instead of Thymine, (Still G-C) IV.) The Cell A. What is the difference between plant and animal cells? (Hint: A Venn diagram might help) ...
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... During the course of a day, we come into contact with many poisonous substances. These include industrial and household chemicals. The skin acts as a barrier and prevents many of these substances entering and harming the body. ...
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Chapter 1--Title

... The ions are drawn into a mass analyzer and detected according to mass-tocharge (m/z) ratio Quadrupole and time of flight (TOF) mass analyzers are common methods for detecting and separating ions The family of detected ions is displayed as a series according to m/z ratio Computer deconvolution of th ...
A.P. Biology Summer Work: Worksheet
A.P. Biology Summer Work: Worksheet

... up the cells and other structures of organisms and carry out life processes. Carbon is the main element in organic compounds, so carbon is essential to life on Earth. Without carbon, life as we know it could not exist. Why is carbon so basic to life? The reason is carbon’s ability to form stable bon ...
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Proteolysis



Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.
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