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The Universal Dogma of Genetics
The Universal Dogma of Genetics

... Hydrogen bond ...
Question Report - Blue Valley Schools
Question Report - Blue Valley Schools

... 18 In this diagram of chromatin structure, the letter B indicates A histones. B supercoils. C a nucleosome. D a DNA double helix. 19 Which of the following statements about prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic genetic material is FALSE? A Both genomes have introns. B Both genomes consist of a combination of ...
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... 5. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the codon on the mRNA and the anti-codon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. 6. Genes contain instructions for assembling nucleosomes. 7. Phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine are found in ...
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... 4. The original DNA strand serves as a template. What does the term template mean? 5. Draw the first three nucleotide sequences of the RNA molecule whose bases you determined in question 3. Remember that RNA is only half as large as a DNA molecule. 6. What protein fragment would the mRNA sequence yo ...
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... in chains by means of the peptide bond. The protein hydrolysis reaction can break the peptide bond and thereby liberate its constituent amino acid molecules. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a macromolecule composed of thousands of nucleotides linked together in chains. It is this sequence of nucleoti ...
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... 4. In the chemical analysis of the DNA from different species, the work of Chargaff indicated that the amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine and that the amount of cytosine equaled the amount of guanine. 5. In the early 1950s, Linus Pauling proposed that regions of proteins can fold into a ...
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... • Nucleotides have three parts: sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), base (purine,A, G, and pyrimidine, C, T or U), and phosphate group. • Nucleotide can polymerise to form polynucleotides, or “strands”. • DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) is a double stranded helix, where the two strands run in op ...
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... • Translation: synthesizing a _________ from amino acids, according to the sequences of the nucleotides in mRNA. • Occurs at the __________, in cytoplasm of cell • Ribosomal RNA, rRNA, is needed for protein synthesis – helps mRNA bind to the _________ • ___________ RNA, tRNA, brings specific amino a ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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