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12-3: RNA
12-3: RNA

...  There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. 1) messenger RNA (__________)- molecules of RNA that carries instructions from the gene (DNA) in the _________________ to the ribosome 2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- molecule of RNA that combines with proteins to form the ...
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Honors Biology Final Exam Review Mrs. Speirs Directions: In no

... The twisted ladder analogy nucleotide Purines, pyrimidines Two hydrogen bonds between AT Three hydrogen bonds between CG Where are the phosphates and sugars in DNA structure? CUT AG Antiparallel Phosphate Deoxyribose Base pairing rules DNA polymerase Mutation What could happen if one letter ATCG in ...
Understanding Our Environment
Understanding Our Environment

... mRNA transcripts are decoded into proteins.  Genetic code based on codons. - 64 possible combinations  Code for 20 amino acids. tRNA acts as a translator.  Anticodon binds to mRNA codon. Start of translation signaled by a ribosome in the cytoplasm binding to the mRNA. ...
Biochemistry
Biochemistry

... Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons so they do not have all the possible hydrogens http://www.diffen.com/di fference/Saturated_Fats_ vs_Unsaturated_Fats ...
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chap12studyguide

... 12.In E. coli, the lac operon controls the_________? 13.What are the parts of a Eukaryotic Chromosome? 14.Hox genes determine an animal’s __________? Completion Complete each statement. 15. According to the principle of ____________________, hydrogen bonds can form only between adenine and thymine, ...
DNA - Doctor Jade Main
DNA - Doctor Jade Main

... • carbon sugar-deoxyribose • nitrogenous base • 1-3 PO4 groups • contains 4 different nucleotides • each with different nitrogenous base • bases are found in 2 major groups • Purines – double ring structures – adenine (A) – guanine (G) • Pyrimidines – Single ring structures – thymine (T) – cytosine ...
File - Biology with Radjewski
File - Biology with Radjewski

... o Avery and MacLeod o Watson and Crick o Rosalind Franklin o Chargaff  Know structure of DNA (diagram of DNA will be given) o Hydrogen bond vs. phosphodiester bond o Nucleotide o Pyrimidine vs. purines o Sugar vs. phosphate o 5’ and 3’ o ACTG  Given DNA template sequence, be able to give the compl ...
RNA notes 2015 - OG
RNA notes 2015 - OG

... Cloning – take the DNA out of one of your cells then take the DNA out of a zygote (fertilized egg). Put the DNA from your cell into the zygote. ...
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Transcription, Translation, and Protein Synthesis
Transcription, Translation, and Protein Synthesis

... travel throughout the living being and perform a particular function. Proteins are not directly made from DNA though. The code must first be converted into a couple of different forms before the construction of proteins can take place. That is where transcription and translation come in. These are t ...
Molekul - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Molekul - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

... Hydrogen bond, Van der Waals interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ionic bonding (in aqueous solution) - strong bonds covalent bond, ionic bonding (in the absence of water), peptide bond ...
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3.5 Transcription and translation – summary of

... DNA is split into two strands; mRNA is made by transcription; promoter region (by start of gene) causes RNA polymerase to bind; anti-sense / template strand of DNA is transcribed; direction of transcription is 5’  3’; free nucleotide triphosphates used; complementary base pairing between template s ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Nucleic Acid for
Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Nucleic Acid for

... specific region of DNA. As a result, these AP-PNA adducts may display qualities favorable for prolonged gene-silencing or gene-activation. Our PNA was designed to compliment the T7 promoter sequence of PBluescriptKII and thereby bind to the DNA in vitro. The synthesis of the PNA was carried out usin ...
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...  draw conclusions/make predictions based on hereditary evidence/data (pedigrees, punnet squares). Multicellular organisms, including humans, form from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome. This explains many features of heredity. Transmission of genetic information through sexual reprod ...
Om evolution og sekvenser
Om evolution og sekvenser

... Individuals in a population vary in their characteristics. ...
Chapter 12 powerpoint
Chapter 12 powerpoint

... • Cell extracts treated with proteindigesting enzymes could still transform ...
DNA: Structure and Functions
DNA: Structure and Functions

... Inject with R-strain, mouse lives Inject with heat killed S-strain, mouse lives ...
DNA and proteins
DNA and proteins

... Transcription • The part of the DNA molecule to be transcribed unwinds and ‘unzips’ as DNA helicase breaks the H bonds between the bases • RNA polymerase catalyses the binding of activated free RNA nucleotides to the template • Uracil binds to adenine NOT thymine • The nucleotides condense together ...
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... Here we will be most concerned with Genus species, and strains Homo genus, e.g., Species sapiens (Humans) Escherichia coli O157:H7 ...
Unit Topic: Chemistry of Life
Unit Topic: Chemistry of Life

... 4. Draw how polymers break down to form monomers through hydrolysis reaction ...
History of Genetics
History of Genetics

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... Led the team that cracked the genetic code- 64 mRNA triplets that specify the twenty amino acids Hamilton Smith Kent Wilcox ...
HOW SAGE WORKS (Reference http://www
HOW SAGE WORKS (Reference http://www

ECOLOGY Chapter 13 - Woodland Hills School District
ECOLOGY Chapter 13 - Woodland Hills School District

... BIOLOGY Chapter 10 JEOPARDY REVIEW GAME ...
< 1 ... 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 ... 1036 >

Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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