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...  An inducer functions by converting the repressor protein into a form with lower operator affinity.  Repressor has two binding sites, one for the operator and another for the inducer.  Repressor is inactivated by an allosteric interaction in which binding of inducer at its site changes the proper ...
14-1, 2 - greinerudsd
14-1, 2 - greinerudsd

... 279 million bases 251 million bases 221 million bases 197 million bases 198 million bases 176 million bases 163 million bases 148 million bases 140 million bases 143 million bases 148 million bases 142 million bases 118 million bases 107 million bases 100 million bases 104 million bases 88 million b ...
2013 Crayfish Dissection Packet
2013 Crayfish Dissection Packet

... two main parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax consists of the cephalic (or head) region and the thoracic region. The part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax is called the carapace. The abdomen is located behind the cephalothorax and consists of six clearly divide ...
Molecular insights into mitochondrial transcription and its
Molecular insights into mitochondrial transcription and its

... production of most of the cellular energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrion contains its own genome, a small circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), encoding essential subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Initiatio ...
Lecture 4
Lecture 4

... - Ubiquitous (nearly; including ectotherms) – prevent membrane potential getting to high? ...
Acidic Environment
Acidic Environment

... Ternary acids commonly contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The name of the most common form of the acid consists of the nonmetal root name with the -ic ending, The acid containing one less oxygen atom than the most common form is designated by the -ous ending. An acid containing one less oxyge ...
177 Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
177 Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

... R. Bruce Merrifield, Rockefeller University, 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.” ...
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans

... down products of the nutrients and the fate of the nutrients in the body. In addition, since the late 1970s, many of the details about digestion and transport have been elucidated. New transporters have been discovered (such as H⫹-oligopeptide transporters and fatty acid transporters). This review a ...
Catellibacterium aquatile sp. nov., isolated from fresh water, and
Catellibacterium aquatile sp. nov., isolated from fresh water, and

... MgSO4 . 7H2O, 0.3 g NaCl, 15 g agar, pH 7.0] or the strain was stored as glycerol stocks (15 %, w/v) at 280 uC. Growth on several bacteriological media was tested: YP agar, R2A agar, trypticase soy agar (TSA; Difco), nutrient agar, Luria–Bertani (LB) agar and LOLB agar. Abundant growth was observed ...
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REVIEW Formation and Instability of o

... convenient properties: it rapidly forms fluorescent derivatives (h,, = 340 nm, h,, = 455 nm) at room temperature, is nonfluorescent itself, and when present in excess does not break down or react to form fluorescent by-products. However, the derivatives formed are somewhat unstable and this severely ...
11.7 Repressor binds cooperatively at each operator using a helix
11.7 Repressor binds cooperatively at each operator using a helix

... 11.15 PRE is a poor promoter that requires cII protein 11.16 Lysogeny requires several events 11.17 The cro repressor is needed for lytic infection 11.18 What determines the balance between lysogenic and the lytic cycle? ...
Full-Text PDF
Full-Text PDF

... instability. However many studies have successfully propagated icBAC over multiple passages without detecting rearrangements [4,5,7–10,12,26,32,33]. Although YACs are capable of maintaining very large DNA inserts of up to 1Mb, they have numerous disadvantages, including instability, chimaerism and h ...
Amino Acid - forte elements
Amino Acid - forte elements

... 14– Furukawa S, et al. Glutamine-enhanced bacterial killing by neutrophils from postoperative patients. Nutrition 1997;13:863-869. 15– Geroulanos S. Infectious complications and risks in abdominal surgery: early recognition and prevention. Hepatogastroenterology ...
TNT® T7 Quick for PCR DNA Technical Manual
TNT® T7 Quick for PCR DNA Technical Manual

... The ability to directly analyze PCR products with the TnT® T7 Quick for PCR DNA system is highly advantageous. The quality of the results is dependent on the ability to obtain discrete, specific PCR products. The selection of primers is an important first step in this process. Many researchers now u ...
Introduction to amino acid metabolism Overview - Rose
Introduction to amino acid metabolism Overview - Rose

evidence indicating independent assortment of
evidence indicating independent assortment of

... sequence were renumbered as 97E and 97F and assorted with FR4 as a J segment (97E, 97F107) comparable with what had been observed in the mouse by assortment (24) and by nucleic acid sequencing of clones (26). In rabbit 2717 residue 106A had been misaligned and was made residue 107. This homologized ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Fatty Acid Synthesis

... Regulation of HMG-CoA Reductase As rate-limiting step, it is the principal site of regulation in cholesterol synthesis 1. Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent kinases inactivates the reductase 2. Degradation of HMG-CoA reductase • Half-life is 3 hrs and depends on cholesterol level • High [cholesterol ...
Thermodynamic analysis of DNA binding by a Bacillus single
Thermodynamic analysis of DNA binding by a Bacillus single

Degradation of bidentate coordinated platinum(II)
Degradation of bidentate coordinated platinum(II)

... pink (2), cream (3, 4) or pale-yellow (1) solution to a dark brown solution, with the formation after ...
Genome Sequence Quality - Rice Genome Annotation Project
Genome Sequence Quality - Rice Genome Annotation Project

... Early 1990s potential errors from this would be: 1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are introduced using the Taq polymerase 2. Misreads/shorted read length due to different rates of incorporation in the dyes could lead to SNPs 3. Not trimming sequences when the quality was low (towards t ...
Preparation of Translationally Competent tRNA by Direct Chemical
Preparation of Translationally Competent tRNA by Direct Chemical

... with the ability to perform precise structure-function studies with proteins, beyond that which can be performed with the 20 natural amino acids.1-3 This is usually achieved through nonsense suppression, in which the site of interest is mutated to a stop codon, and an aminoacyl-tRNA bearing the appr ...
103 Lecture Ch21b
103 Lecture Ch21b

... • When product concentration is low, it dissociates from E1 and production is resumed • Feedback control allows products to be formed only when needed ...
Peptide Design Strategy
Peptide Design Strategy

... hormone receptor (PTH) - every fourth residue  Incorporates CH2 residues into backbone, but maintains native sequence sidechains  Successfully mimics α-helix NLGKWLNSMERVEWLRKKLQDVHNF ...
Azospirillum and related microorganisms.
Azospirillum and related microorganisms.

... Miscaníhus giganteus and Spartina pectína ...
RANDNA_article
RANDNA_article

... infer their function, understand the language that specifies them and set up experimental investigations. In particular the regularities are common in the protein coding regions of eukaryotic genes because they are highly constrained by the presence of at least two languages, one specifying the amin ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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