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The Molecules of Life
The Molecules of Life

... The change can be reversible or irreversible ...
Document
Document

... 1. RNA-only genes produce functional RNA’s (tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, and more) 2. Protein-coding genes produce mRNA’s (17.3) 3. Transcription makes an RNA copy of a gene (17.4, 17.7) 4. Transcription begins when transcription factors bind to the promoter of a gene (17.8) G. Translation is the process of a ...
NoLimits 250 bp DNA Fragment
NoLimits 250 bp DNA Fragment

From DNA to RNA
From DNA to RNA

... FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN • DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. • How are these directions carried out? ...
Bi 430 / 530 Theory of Recombinant DNA Techniques Syllabus
Bi 430 / 530 Theory of Recombinant DNA Techniques Syllabus

... How are recombinant DNA risks defined and managed? How is useful DNA and RNA isolated? How are DNA, RNA and proteins detected and measured? How can specific DNA, RNA and protein molecules be identified in a complex mixture? How can DNA be modified in the test tube? Why is PCR such a versatile tool f ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

...  Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) kills around 670,000 children under the age of 5 each ...
Genetics HARDCOPY - New Hartford Central Schools
Genetics HARDCOPY - New Hartford Central Schools

... 6. Joe has hitchhiker’s thumb. He can bend the last joint of his thumb backwards, which is a dominant trait. His father has a straight thumb and his mom shares Joe’s trait. Joe’s 2 brothers do not have hitchhiker’s thumb, but his 2 sisters do. Looking back in his family, Joe learns that his father’s ...
What is DNA?
What is DNA?

... If the mutation is Beneficial… • Whether a trait is beneficial is usually based on the environment • Organisms do not get to CHOOSE their genes, and they do not get to CHOOSE their mutations. It is totally random • BUT, if your mutation makes you BETTER SUITED TO YOUR ENVIORNMENT, that species is m ...
Chapter 4: DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information
Chapter 4: DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information

Cells - SchoolRack
Cells - SchoolRack

...  Information is copied onto an mRNA. For example GCCATA from the DNA would be CGGUAU on the mRNA  (RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine.) RNA has A U C G.  If the mRNA cannot copy the message from DNA because of a bacterial or viral infection a protein cannot be made. ...
Chapter 9 I am - Mrs Smith`s Biology
Chapter 9 I am - Mrs Smith`s Biology

... I am the two parts of the DNA strand that connect to give the ‘backbone’ of the DNA strand before the daughter strands wind up into a double helix ...
This exam is worth 50 points Evolutionary Biology You may take this
This exam is worth 50 points Evolutionary Biology You may take this

... 1. Which of the following are prokaryotic? (A) animals (B) plants (C) bacteria (D) fungi (E) viruses. 2. Mitochondria... (A) have their own DNA (B) produce ATP (C) probably evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria (D) all of the above (E) none of the above. 3. In DNA, thymine always pairs with... (A) ade ...
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Mutations are heritable alteration in DNA sequence Most common

...  When a mismatch repair occurs, the E. coli mismatch repair proteins (Mut proteins) must discriminate between the correct strand and the strand with the mismatch.  Discrimination is based on the degree of methylation.  GATC sequences are methylated on the adenine residues.  The newly synthesized ...
EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2
EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2

... 109. Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal shape of red blood cell that make them unable to carry oxygen is ______. People who are heterozygous are immune to the mosquito carrying disease called ______________. ...
Lecture Notes with Key Images
Lecture Notes with Key Images

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... • Both siRNA and miRNA molecules combine with proteins to form an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). • The RISC pairs with a mRNA molecule that possesses a sequence complementary to its siRNA or miRNA component and either: - cleaves the mRNA (leading to degradation or mRNA) or - represses transla ...
statgen2
statgen2

...  Friedrich Meischer in 1869 isolated DNA from fish sperm and the pus of open wounds. Since it came from nuclei,  Meischer named this new chemical, nuclein. Subsequently the name was changed to nucleic acid and lastly to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).  Robert Feulgen, in 1914, discovered that fuchsi ...
AP Biology Objectives
AP Biology Objectives

... 10. Describe the structure and function of tRNA, and ribosomes. 11. Describe initiation, elongation, and termination of translation, AND explain which enzymes, protein factors, and energy sources are needed for each stage. 12. Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe h ...
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DNA Technology - 2 What are plasmids?

... What happens when the bacterial cell replicates its chromosome? It also replicates the plasmid DNA (including any foreign DNA as well) ...
How does Information get out of the Nucleus
How does Information get out of the Nucleus

... No tRNA has an anticodon to match these, and at this point translation stops. The mRNA is released (and can be translated again), and the new protein molecule is released. The protein molecule formed in this way has a sequence of amino acids that has been determined by the sequence of nucleotides in ...
topic 5 : expression of biological information
topic 5 : expression of biological information

... A. Two newly formed DNA molecules; each consist of one radioactive strand. B. Two newly formed DNA molecules; each consist of two radioactive strands. C. Four newly formed DNA molecules; each consist of one radioactive strand. D. Four newly formed DNA molecules; each consist of two radioactive stran ...
STUDY GUIDE –Intro to Cell Biology
STUDY GUIDE –Intro to Cell Biology

... The process by which cells change to become different kinds of cells with different functions = DIFFERENTIATION The process by which organisms as a group change over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms = EVOLUTION What do we call embryonic cells that have th ...
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... Substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined ...
human oct-1 gene located on chromosome 1
human oct-1 gene located on chromosome 1

... Investigations of cellular proteins able to interact with the octamer consensus sequence (ATGCAAAT), which is found as a controlling element in a number of disparate gene systems, has identified a complex set of factors with distinct expression patterns. The largest of these proteins is a generally ...
Molecules of Life---Whoa! - Rimac-Science-Web
Molecules of Life---Whoa! - Rimac-Science-Web

... Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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