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2140401 - Gujarat Technological University
2140401 - Gujarat Technological University

... List of Open Source Software/learning website: Students can refer to video lectures available on the websites including NPTEL. Students can refer to the CDs which are available with some reference books. Students can develop their own flowsheets for demonstration of central dogma process. ACTIVE LEA ...
CHAPTER 12 - powerpoint
CHAPTER 12 - powerpoint

... remaining 60 codons code for 19 different amino acids. • This means that many amino acids have more than one codon. Thus the code is redundant. ...
Microbiology 7/e
Microbiology 7/e

...  The DNA bases on each strand act as a template to synthesize a complementary strand • Recall that Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)  The process is semiconservative because each new double-stranded DNA contains one old strand (template) and one newly-synth ...
Lecture 2: Biology Review II
Lecture 2: Biology Review II

... gel and migrates based on size and shape.  Visualized by Southern blot with specific fragment probe or PCR specific fragment and ...
DNA vaccination
DNA vaccination

... the antigen expression unit composed of promoter sequences AND antigenencoding and polyadenylation sequences (termination signal) ...
2. Where does translation take place
2. Where does translation take place

... 5. What is the role of ribosomes in protein production? 6. Below you’ll be given an mRNA codon. Write down the tRNA anticodon and the corresponding amino acid that the codon codes for. You will need the handout Genetic Code. mRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino acid (AA) UAC CGU AUG UUC AAA AUU AAC CCA ...
02/04
02/04

... RNA polymerase recognizes signals for chain termination. (1) Intrinsic: Termination site on template DNA consists of GC-rich sequences followed by A’s. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding causes formation of hairpin loop. ...
The Structure of the Human Genome
The Structure of the Human Genome

... All human chromosomes have two arms; the short arm is referred to as the p arm and the long arm as the q. At each end of the chromosome is a telomere, a structure designed to avoid problems with DNA replication right to the end of a linear molecule. The position of the centromere defines whether the ...
Untitled
Untitled

... Animal tissue samples, cultured cells and bacteria. ...
central dogma
central dogma

... 1. 5’-3’ DNA strand. 2. 3’-5’ DNA strand. 3. antisense DNA strand. 4. tRNA strand. 33. A particular gene has 600 DNA nucleotides;ignoring introns;stop and Start signals how many polypeptide coded for by this gene? ...
Transformations, Cloning
Transformations, Cloning

... Circle and number your colonies. This will make it easier to know which colonies you have selected and will help you if you need to look at the plate again. ...
slides - ODU Computer Science
slides - ODU Computer Science

... • A good reference site http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html ...
PROPOSITION DE SUJET DE STAGE / THESE Optical
PROPOSITION DE SUJET DE STAGE / THESE Optical

... Assembly is far more efficient in vivo than in vitro, presumably due to a series of non-ribosomal factors that transiently interact with the nascent ribosome and assist its assembly. In particular, in E. coli, three DEAD-box helicases participate in the assembly of the 50S subunit. One of them, call ...
1st lecture CELLS
1st lecture CELLS

... The shapes of cells are quite varied with some, such as neurons, being longer than they are wide and others, such as parenchyma (a common type of plant cell) and erythrocytes (red blood cells) being equidimensional. Some cells are encased in a rigid wall, which constrains their shape, while others h ...
Gene Technology
Gene Technology

... 0 98% of our DNA does not code for a protein 0 Each person has a specific number of non-coding regions between exons 0 Called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) 0 Nonsense repeats in tandem ...
Prokaryotic Gene Expression Mechanisms RNA Types of RNA Other
Prokaryotic Gene Expression Mechanisms RNA Types of RNA Other

... • Choice of template strand specifies direction. • Choice of template strand is specified in promoter sequence. • Product RNA is: – unstable (temporal changes in expression) – not proofread (discarded) – malleable (may be altered enzymatically) ...
Gene Expression - the Biology Department
Gene Expression - the Biology Department

... • Wednesdays, 4:00 PM, BI 212 ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • This sequence specificity means that treatment of a DNA molecule with a restriction enzyme should always produce the same set of fragments. • This is not always the case with genomic DNA molecules because some restriction sites exist as two alleles, one allele displaying the correct sequence for t ...
REVIEW Protein Synthesis with Analogies
REVIEW Protein Synthesis with Analogies

... Once upon a time there were two fraternal twin brothers, Donald N Armstrong and Ronald N. Armstrong. Donald was the smarter of the two and he was a successful inventor with many patents. Although Ronald was not as smart at his brother, he was extremely loyal. One day Donald came up with an idea for ...
Population Genetics
Population Genetics

... peptidyltransferase attaches amino acid to chain ...
Introduction Aim TE presence/absence variant discovery Abundant
Introduction Aim TE presence/absence variant discovery Abundant

glossary - UMass Extension
glossary - UMass Extension

... activator: Regulatory protein; stimulates DNA expression by binding to specific DNA sequence. adenine (A): Purine base in DNA and RNA: also base in ATP. alcohol: Organic compound with one or more hydroxyl groups. alpha (α) helix: Helical conformation of a polypeptide chain with maximum intrachain hy ...
Advance Molecular Biology (LS6421, 1999)
Advance Molecular Biology (LS6421, 1999)

... (1). Constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin. (2). X-linked variegation is caused by the random inactivation of one chromosome in each precursor cell (n-1 rule). (3). X-inactivation center (Xic) is a cis-acting locus that contains the information necessary to inactivate all copi ...
1 - WordPress.com
1 - WordPress.com

... 8. What are the parts of the DNA molecule? DNA is made up of nitrogen bases, phosphates and sugars. 9. Describe how bases pair up in the DNA molecule. In DNA, A pairs up with T and G pairs up with C. 10. What is chromatin? Chromatin is the substance that makes up chromosomes. It is composed of DNA a ...
BIG IDEA 3 3.A.1 Genetic information is transmitted from one
BIG IDEA 3 3.A.1 Genetic information is transmitted from one

... that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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