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Chapters 18, 19, 20, 27) Virus, bacteria, gene expression
Chapters 18, 19, 20, 27) Virus, bacteria, gene expression

... - Are derived from membranes of host cells: as a virus is brought into a cell, it brings part of the host cell membrane in through endocytosis - May cloak the capsids of viruses found in animals  Viral genomes may be single or double stranded DNA or single or double stranded RNA. - Viral genes are ...
ORGANIC ACIDS – Ketone/Fatty Acids (urine)
ORGANIC ACIDS – Ketone/Fatty Acids (urine)

Aim #29: NYS Biodiversity Lab Review
Aim #29: NYS Biodiversity Lab Review

... cuts between G and A State how many cuts will be made in the DNA sequences of each species when this enzyme is used. ...
Topic 3 notesTEACHER
Topic 3 notesTEACHER

... the many types of molecules the cell assembles (synthesizes). Many of these molecules are proteins. Protein molecules are long chains. They are formed from various combinations of 20 kinds of amino acids arranged in a specific sequence. The sequence of amino acids in a particular protein influences ...
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level Of Organization
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level Of Organization

... carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and “high-energy compounds.” You may recognize the first three as the main components of food, which can be catabolized (broken down via catabolic pathways – see above) for their chemical energy. Thus they too could be considered “high-energy compounds ...
Lab 9 - Cloning GFP Lab
Lab 9 - Cloning GFP Lab

... green color under ultraviolet light. In this activity, you will learn about the process of moving genes from one organism to another with the aid of a plasmid. In addition to one large chromosome, bacteria naturally contain one or more small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. Plasmid DNA usuall ...
Chapter 20
Chapter 20

... • Sequencing of the human genome was completed by 2007 • DNA sequencing has depended on advances in technology, starting with making recombinant DNA ...
Document
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... The modern ability to determine the sequence of nucleotides in complete genomes has added a lot to the classification:  Genetic complexity grows with structural complexity: bacteria have ~103 genes, single-cell eukaryotes 104-105.  All organisms possess a lot of non-coding, or junk, DNA: stretches ...
Advanced techniques yield new insights into ribosome selfassembly
Advanced techniques yield new insights into ribosome selfassembly

... simulation of the protein and RNA interaction. Their analysis revealed that the S4 protein and the 16S ribosomal RNA were a surprisingly “dynamic duo,” Ha said. The protein constrained the RNA somewhat, but still allowed it to undulate and change its conformation. The team found that the S4 protein  ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology

... If we set up a DNA library and introduce it into host bacteria as in colony hybridization, we can put nylon membranes on the plates to get replicas of the colonies Replicas are incubated to make protein Cells are treated to release the protein so it binds to the nylon membrane If the antibody sticks ...
Model for crossing over and gene conversion
Model for crossing over and gene conversion

... This model fits the double strand breakage and gene conversion data. The main points are: Crossing over involves a double strand break in one double helix; strand invasion, etc. will lead to a D-loop, to heteroduplexes.and to the Holliday junctions; the Holliday junctions may be resolved into either ...
pGLO Transformation
pGLO Transformation

... green color under ultraviolet light. In this activity, you will learn about the process of moving genes from one organism to another with the aid of a plasmid. In addition to one large chromosome, bacteria naturally contain one or more small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. Plasmid DNA usuall ...
chip-based digital pcr
chip-based digital pcr

GENETICS – BIO 300
GENETICS – BIO 300

... element family many other families discovered in maize autonomous elements encode information necessary for the transposition of themselves and nonautonomous members of their family ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition

... region of DNA – Add short pieces of DNA (primers) that hybridize to DNA sequences on either side of piece of interest – causes initiation of DNA synthesis through that area, X – Copies of both strands of X and original DNA strands are templates for next round of DNA synthesis – Selected region DNA n ...
ExamReview2012
ExamReview2012

... 3. Ions (cation and anion), Bohr-Rutherford diagrams (valence shell electrons) 4. Electronegativity, bonding patterns (covalent, ionic, polar covalent, hydrogen etc.), polarity and partial charges 5. Properties of water 6. Solubility of substances in water (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic regions) 7. Ac ...
Ahmad Shah Blueprint of Life
Ahmad Shah Blueprint of Life

... 1. Evidence of evolution suggests that the mechanisms of inheritance, accompanied by selection, allow change over many generations:  Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of:  Changes in the physical conditions in the environment:  Changes in the chemical condition in the envi ...
Blueprint of Life by Arthur Huang
Blueprint of Life by Arthur Huang

... The development of biological evidence changed the way people thought about evolutionary relationships. This allowed comparisons of organisms where homologous structures were not available and provided a quantitative analysis (where degree of difference can be scientifically measured rather than jus ...
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... Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (SL) Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA. State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size. State that gel electrophoresis of DNA ...
9.3 – Blueprint of Life - Resource Centre / FrontPage
9.3 – Blueprint of Life - Resource Centre / FrontPage

... 1. Evidence of evolution suggests that the mechanisms of inheritance, accompanied by selection, allow change over many generations:  Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of:  Changes in the physical conditions in the environment:  Changes in the chemical condition in the envi ...
Mutation Reading--How the Gene for Sickle Cell Hemoglobin
Mutation Reading--How the Gene for Sickle Cell Hemoglobin

... Different versions of the same gene are called different alleles. These different alleles share the same general sequence of nucleotides, but they differ in at least one nucleotide in the sequence. Different alleles can result in different characteristics as follows: Differences in the nucleotide se ...
Bacterial DNA Insert
Bacterial DNA Insert

... Notice the colonies. The bacteria in each colony contain plasmids. What must be present in the agar to ensure the ...
What dealings with GMOs are classified as exempt dealings?
What dealings with GMOs are classified as exempt dealings?

... (b) must not code for a toxin with an LD50 of less than 100 g/kg; and (c) must not code for a toxin with an LD50 of 100 g/kg or more, if the intention is to express the toxin at high levels; and (d) must not be uncharacterised nucleic acid from a toxin-producing organism; and (e) must not include ...
G3: Genes, Genomes and Genetics Whole organism genome
G3: Genes, Genomes and Genetics Whole organism genome

Chapter 20 Practice Multiple Choice
Chapter 20 Practice Multiple Choice

... a. prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes. b. bacteria translate polycistronic messages only. c. bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns. d. bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA. e. bacterial DNA is not found in a membrane-bounded nucleu ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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