Ecological monitoring in Cambridge Bay
... Fig. 2.1. NMDS ordination of the spider community across all replicates and time periods using the log values of species relative abundance. Each point indicates the location of a sampled microhabitat: where the triangles denote the two dry ecosites and the squares denote the two wet habitats. Point ...
... Fig. 2.1. NMDS ordination of the spider community across all replicates and time periods using the log values of species relative abundance. Each point indicates the location of a sampled microhabitat: where the triangles denote the two dry ecosites and the squares denote the two wet habitats. Point ...
Effects of body size and resource availability on
... epipelic diatoms (Whitlatch and Obrebski, 1980), and have been shown to interact almost exclusively through exploitative competition (Byers, in press). From an enclosure experiment I determined that while both species’ per capita effect on resource levels is virtually identical, Batillaria achieves ...
... epipelic diatoms (Whitlatch and Obrebski, 1980), and have been shown to interact almost exclusively through exploitative competition (Byers, in press). From an enclosure experiment I determined that while both species’ per capita effect on resource levels is virtually identical, Batillaria achieves ...
Density dependence in mule deer
... the major differences between different theoretical population growth models are often manifest when populations are below carrying capacity, with each model having a different set of ecological circumstances under which it is most useful, any single mathematical function is of nominal consequence to t ...
... the major differences between different theoretical population growth models are often manifest when populations are below carrying capacity, with each model having a different set of ecological circumstances under which it is most useful, any single mathematical function is of nominal consequence to t ...
Diversity analysis: A fresh Approach
... are all true diversities according to our test. In fact they possess a stronger additive property: if any N completely distinct communities, each with true diversity X, are added together in equal proportions, the true diversity of the pooled communities is N·X. The species frequency distributions i ...
... are all true diversities according to our test. In fact they possess a stronger additive property: if any N completely distinct communities, each with true diversity X, are added together in equal proportions, the true diversity of the pooled communities is N·X. The species frequency distributions i ...
Ecological consequences of genetic diversity
... variation in ecologically important traits (growth rate, competitive ability, immune function, virulence, etc.), the amount of diversity at any level can have important ecological effects. The recent surge of interest in merging ecological and evolutionary investigations (Whitham et al. 2006; Fussma ...
... variation in ecologically important traits (growth rate, competitive ability, immune function, virulence, etc.), the amount of diversity at any level can have important ecological effects. The recent surge of interest in merging ecological and evolutionary investigations (Whitham et al. 2006; Fussma ...
House cats as predators in the Australian
... Cooper Park and surrounding areas, whereas native mammals predominate at the other sites (Matthews et al. 1999). Rabbits are likewise abundant at North Head, where they form 21% of the diet, by volume, of cats, but scarce at the other sites, where they form only 1 to 6% (Table ...
... Cooper Park and surrounding areas, whereas native mammals predominate at the other sites (Matthews et al. 1999). Rabbits are likewise abundant at North Head, where they form 21% of the diet, by volume, of cats, but scarce at the other sites, where they form only 1 to 6% (Table ...
Challenging The "Distinct Population Segment" Definition Of Atlantic
... the Services rely primarily on a genetic analysis of the statistical differences in gene samples from two populations. The requirement of evolutionary significance is satisfied if a population is determined to have distinct phenotypic,3 9 life history, and habitat characteristics. The ESU doctrine a ...
... the Services rely primarily on a genetic analysis of the statistical differences in gene samples from two populations. The requirement of evolutionary significance is satisfied if a population is determined to have distinct phenotypic,3 9 life history, and habitat characteristics. The ESU doctrine a ...
Upland and Wetland Prairies in the Midwest and West Coast
... natives and help to insure the long term success of prairie restorations (Davis 2001). Reducing non-native species is imperative because they may change fire regimes by altering fuels (Parker and Reichard 1998) and alter soil structure and ecosystem processes such as nitrogen and carbon cycling (Jas ...
... natives and help to insure the long term success of prairie restorations (Davis 2001). Reducing non-native species is imperative because they may change fire regimes by altering fuels (Parker and Reichard 1998) and alter soil structure and ecosystem processes such as nitrogen and carbon cycling (Jas ...
House Cats as Predators in the Australian Environment: Impacts and
... Cooper Park and surrounding areas, whereas native mammals predominate at the other sites (Matthews et al. 1999). Rabbits are likewise abundant at North Head, where they form 21% of the diet, by volume, of cats, but scarce at the other sites, where they form only 1 to 6% (Table ...
... Cooper Park and surrounding areas, whereas native mammals predominate at the other sites (Matthews et al. 1999). Rabbits are likewise abundant at North Head, where they form 21% of the diet, by volume, of cats, but scarce at the other sites, where they form only 1 to 6% (Table ...
Evaluation of alternative hypotheses to explain
... a main effect, being reduced to some extent by the presence of Chaoborus kairomone at both temperatures (Figure 1b). Age at maturity decreased and juvenile growth rate increased with temperature in both D. pulex and D. curvirostris (Table II). Following maturity, D. curvirostris continued to grow mo ...
... a main effect, being reduced to some extent by the presence of Chaoborus kairomone at both temperatures (Figure 1b). Age at maturity decreased and juvenile growth rate increased with temperature in both D. pulex and D. curvirostris (Table II). Following maturity, D. curvirostris continued to grow mo ...
The role of detrital subsidies for biological control by generalist
... trophic links in the belowground subsystem. Two aboveground generalist predators, one carabid and one staphylinid, also had incorporated maize-born carbon. These predators along with several other species were significantly increased in mulched fields. Consequently, only in mulched fields aphid popu ...
... trophic links in the belowground subsystem. Two aboveground generalist predators, one carabid and one staphylinid, also had incorporated maize-born carbon. These predators along with several other species were significantly increased in mulched fields. Consequently, only in mulched fields aphid popu ...
Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus
... to determine how biodiversity is affected by habitat modification has become a major focus of ecology and biological conservation. Different species, even within a taxonomic group, may exhibit different responses to factors such as habitat destruction (Andrén, 1994; Turner, 1996; Bender et al., 199 ...
... to determine how biodiversity is affected by habitat modification has become a major focus of ecology and biological conservation. Different species, even within a taxonomic group, may exhibit different responses to factors such as habitat destruction (Andrén, 1994; Turner, 1996; Bender et al., 199 ...
Impacts of Insect Herbivory and Nitrogen Eutrophication on
... approaches overlook the importance of the great number of belowground interactions that occur among plants, herbivores and other organisms. A great challenge in global change ecology is to understand how the above- and belowground subsystems interact to determine the ultimate, ecosystem-level impact ...
... approaches overlook the importance of the great number of belowground interactions that occur among plants, herbivores and other organisms. A great challenge in global change ecology is to understand how the above- and belowground subsystems interact to determine the ultimate, ecosystem-level impact ...
Trojan Horses of the microbial world
... of adsorptive pinocytosis (methylamine) blocked infection of H. vermzjormis, which suggests that receptormediated endocytosis is necessary for infection of the amoebae. Further work by Fields etal. (1993) has indicated that entry, not attachment, of virulent Leg. pnetlmophila is the limiting step in ...
... of adsorptive pinocytosis (methylamine) blocked infection of H. vermzjormis, which suggests that receptormediated endocytosis is necessary for infection of the amoebae. Further work by Fields etal. (1993) has indicated that entry, not attachment, of virulent Leg. pnetlmophila is the limiting step in ...
Kleptoparasitism, disturbance and predation of yellow - ICM-CSIC
... and in 1997 at the Columbretes Islands colony (39º54’N, 0º41’E), all of them located in the western Mediterranean. At the Ebro Delta, ca. 10,100 pairs of Audouin’s Gull and ca. 1,600 pairs of yellowlegged gulls bred, while at Chafarinas the numbers were ca. 4,000 and 1,500 pairs respectively, and ca ...
... and in 1997 at the Columbretes Islands colony (39º54’N, 0º41’E), all of them located in the western Mediterranean. At the Ebro Delta, ca. 10,100 pairs of Audouin’s Gull and ca. 1,600 pairs of yellowlegged gulls bred, while at Chafarinas the numbers were ca. 4,000 and 1,500 pairs respectively, and ca ...
Matrices - Computer Science
... second box contains 12 chemistry books by different authors, and the third box contains 10 computer science books by different authors. A student wants to take a book from one of the three boxes. In how many ways can the student do this? Discrete Mathematical Structures: Theory and Applications ...
... second box contains 12 chemistry books by different authors, and the third box contains 10 computer science books by different authors. A student wants to take a book from one of the three boxes. In how many ways can the student do this? Discrete Mathematical Structures: Theory and Applications ...
Ecological Restoration Treatments Increase Butterfly Richness and
... Butterfly response to habitat disturbances such as logging has been mixed. Although butterflies have shown decreases in abundances after clear-cut-logging events (Hill et al. 1995), other studies showed that openings in forests, including changes created by roadways and paths, often had higher butte ...
... Butterfly response to habitat disturbances such as logging has been mixed. Although butterflies have shown decreases in abundances after clear-cut-logging events (Hill et al. 1995), other studies showed that openings in forests, including changes created by roadways and paths, often had higher butte ...
Habitat selection, reproduction and predation of wintering
... to locate these points in the field. The transects in the stream habitat followed the meandering course of the water channel. Changes in habitat that occurred while walking transects were noted, and transects that covered \300 m in the same habitat type were discarded. We cumulated a total of 36,200 ...
... to locate these points in the field. The transects in the stream habitat followed the meandering course of the water channel. Changes in habitat that occurred while walking transects were noted, and transects that covered \300 m in the same habitat type were discarded. We cumulated a total of 36,200 ...
Reaction rate theory: What it was, where is it today, and where is it
... Starting from Arrhenius 关Z. Phys. Chem. 4, 226 共1889兲兴, we follow especially the formulation of transition state theory by Wigner 关Z. Phys. Chem. Abt. B 19, 203 共1932兲兴 and Eyring 关J. Chem. Phys. 3, 107 共1935兲兴. Transition state theory 共TST兲 made it possible to obtain quick estimates for reaction ra ...
... Starting from Arrhenius 关Z. Phys. Chem. 4, 226 共1889兲兴, we follow especially the formulation of transition state theory by Wigner 关Z. Phys. Chem. Abt. B 19, 203 共1932兲兴 and Eyring 关J. Chem. Phys. 3, 107 共1935兲兴. Transition state theory 共TST兲 made it possible to obtain quick estimates for reaction ra ...
Seed predation by ants in south-eastern Spain (Desierto de
... Tabernas Desert, six feed mainly or exclusively on seeds. The three Messor species are the most important as predators because the amount of seeds collected by them is by far larger than that brought in by the other species. However, also smaller ants such as Goniomma ssp., Pheidole pallidula, or Te ...
... Tabernas Desert, six feed mainly or exclusively on seeds. The three Messor species are the most important as predators because the amount of seeds collected by them is by far larger than that brought in by the other species. However, also smaller ants such as Goniomma ssp., Pheidole pallidula, or Te ...
as a PDF
... dynamics in rivers. The first, H.B.N. Hynes’ The Ecology of Running Waters (Hynes 1970), is a treatise of exceptional depth and breadth summarizing much of what was known about stream ecology up to that time. It is still an invaluable reference for any aquatic scientist. The second and more recent b ...
... dynamics in rivers. The first, H.B.N. Hynes’ The Ecology of Running Waters (Hynes 1970), is a treatise of exceptional depth and breadth summarizing much of what was known about stream ecology up to that time. It is still an invaluable reference for any aquatic scientist. The second and more recent b ...
preliminary survey of the relationship between the feeding habit and
... the temperature nearest to that of the water where and at the time they were captured.2 Glass bottles of approximately 65 ml and 150 ml were used as experimental vessels, the size in each case being dependent on the size of the particular copepod under investigation. It was found subsequently that t ...
... the temperature nearest to that of the water where and at the time they were captured.2 Glass bottles of approximately 65 ml and 150 ml were used as experimental vessels, the size in each case being dependent on the size of the particular copepod under investigation. It was found subsequently that t ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.