Feeding responses of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to different wild
... known of the role of rabbits in the diet of red foxes at a regional scale with varying rabbit abundance. The overall response of predators to changing prey populations has been divided into two components: the numerical and the functional responses (Solomon 1949). The numerical response describes ho ...
... known of the role of rabbits in the diet of red foxes at a regional scale with varying rabbit abundance. The overall response of predators to changing prey populations has been divided into two components: the numerical and the functional responses (Solomon 1949). The numerical response describes ho ...
Clarifying competition - University of York File Library
... argued, the lack of conceptual clarity has been due in part to its ubiquitous nature in ecological thought. A common understanding was often assumed which did not actually exist in practice. This became particularly evident when ecological principles were applied to resource management questions (wi ...
... argued, the lack of conceptual clarity has been due in part to its ubiquitous nature in ecological thought. A common understanding was often assumed which did not actually exist in practice. This became particularly evident when ecological principles were applied to resource management questions (wi ...
The ecology of Type="Italic">Myrmica ants
... level of a colony, it means that worker numbers are not restricted directly by lack of queens. In some populations queen numbers fluctuate in a regular manner, with all nests having many queens in some years and few in others. It was hypothesized that such cycles occur in all colonies, but in most p ...
... level of a colony, it means that worker numbers are not restricted directly by lack of queens. In some populations queen numbers fluctuate in a regular manner, with all nests having many queens in some years and few in others. It was hypothesized that such cycles occur in all colonies, but in most p ...
The relative contributions of recombination and point mutation to the
... been imported by recombination must be present elsewhere in the natural population, although not necessarily within the isolates in the MLST database. The probability that an imported allele will be found in unrelated isolates in the database is dependent on the size and characteristics of the sampl ...
... been imported by recombination must be present elsewhere in the natural population, although not necessarily within the isolates in the MLST database. The probability that an imported allele will be found in unrelated isolates in the database is dependent on the size and characteristics of the sampl ...
Effects of vole fluctuations on the population dynamics of the barn
... the years with low vole density all available breeding territories were occupied whereas in good years with high vole abundance some remained vacant. In the high amplitude case (Fig. 4f) breeding territories outnumbered owls in all years of the cycle with the exception of the first 3 years after a p ...
... the years with low vole density all available breeding territories were occupied whereas in good years with high vole abundance some remained vacant. In the high amplitude case (Fig. 4f) breeding territories outnumbered owls in all years of the cycle with the exception of the first 3 years after a p ...
colorado fourteeners initiative 2007 rare plant
... proposed trail construction on Mount Lincoln, Mount Democrat, and Mount Bross in the southern Mosquito Range. The survey area followed proposed routes previously established by U.S. Forest Service personnel, and varied in width from 20 to 100 feet. Target species were identified from a variety of so ...
... proposed trail construction on Mount Lincoln, Mount Democrat, and Mount Bross in the southern Mosquito Range. The survey area followed proposed routes previously established by U.S. Forest Service personnel, and varied in width from 20 to 100 feet. Target species were identified from a variety of so ...
Modeling the Impact of the African Elephant, Loxodonta africana, on
... fire regime. Introducing elephants into this model savanna has the expected effect of reducing tree cover, although at an elephant density of 1.0 per square kilometer, woody plants still persist for over a century. I tested the effect of plant responses to elephant ...
... fire regime. Introducing elephants into this model savanna has the expected effect of reducing tree cover, although at an elephant density of 1.0 per square kilometer, woody plants still persist for over a century. I tested the effect of plant responses to elephant ...
Soil community composition and ecosystem processes D. A. NEHER
... forest soils exceeds that of arable soils with annual crops (Table 3). In contrast, Wardle (1995) reports several cases in which conventional agricultural practices stimulate diversity. For example, the diversity of nematode genera in soils within asparagus (Asparagus officinale L.) systems was not ...
... forest soils exceeds that of arable soils with annual crops (Table 3). In contrast, Wardle (1995) reports several cases in which conventional agricultural practices stimulate diversity. For example, the diversity of nematode genera in soils within asparagus (Asparagus officinale L.) systems was not ...
Burrowing rodents as ecosystem engineers
... soil nutrients results from the manner in which zokors forage and from the vertical distribution of nutrients in the soil. Nitrogen and phosphorus content of alpine meadow soils drops rapidly with increasing depth (Le et al., 1989), thus zokors deposit mounds of nutrient-poor soil on the ground surf ...
... soil nutrients results from the manner in which zokors forage and from the vertical distribution of nutrients in the soil. Nitrogen and phosphorus content of alpine meadow soils drops rapidly with increasing depth (Le et al., 1989), thus zokors deposit mounds of nutrient-poor soil on the ground surf ...
4.1.7 Watersheds and Wetlands
... Identify organisms that have aquatic stags of life and describe those stages. S Identify specific characteristics of wetland plants and (soils). P (S, SS) ...
... Identify organisms that have aquatic stags of life and describe those stages. S Identify specific characteristics of wetland plants and (soils). P (S, SS) ...
species introduction and replacement among mosquitoes
... competitive exclusion (e.g., Lotka-Volterra models, resource competition models) each incorporating different parameters that quantify competitive advantage (e.g., Lotka-Volterra competition coefficients, resource consumption vectors; Livdahl and Willey 1991, Tilman 1982). One criterion for competit ...
... competitive exclusion (e.g., Lotka-Volterra models, resource competition models) each incorporating different parameters that quantify competitive advantage (e.g., Lotka-Volterra competition coefficients, resource consumption vectors; Livdahl and Willey 1991, Tilman 1982). One criterion for competit ...
The seedling as part of a plant`s life history strategy
... Johnson, 1994; Jakobsson & Eriksson, 2000; Aarssen & Jordan, 2001; Henery & Westoby, 2001). The trade-off between the size and number of offspring produced for a given amount of energy gives smallseeded species an initial advantage over large-seeded species. However on average, all adult plants must ...
... Johnson, 1994; Jakobsson & Eriksson, 2000; Aarssen & Jordan, 2001; Henery & Westoby, 2001). The trade-off between the size and number of offspring produced for a given amount of energy gives smallseeded species an initial advantage over large-seeded species. However on average, all adult plants must ...
Environmental variation has stronger effects than plant genotype on
... 1. Competition is a key factor affecting the performance and co-existence of species. Most ecological research on competition treats species’ populations as phenotypically homogenous. However, plant populations typically contain genetic variation for multiple traits and have the potential to rapidly ...
... 1. Competition is a key factor affecting the performance and co-existence of species. Most ecological research on competition treats species’ populations as phenotypically homogenous. However, plant populations typically contain genetic variation for multiple traits and have the potential to rapidly ...
A synthesis of the outcomes from the Strait of Georgia Ecosystem
... in plankton and their transfer up the food web to accumulate in marine mammals, can have a long residence time in the Strait, although recent observations indicate they are presently stable or declining, largely as a result of regulatory actions. Both large-scale processes, such as those related to ...
... in plankton and their transfer up the food web to accumulate in marine mammals, can have a long residence time in the Strait, although recent observations indicate they are presently stable or declining, largely as a result of regulatory actions. Both large-scale processes, such as those related to ...
- USP Electronic Research Repository
... and quantifying the influence of interacting variables upon covering (placement of objects on upper surface) and migration (movement between upper and lower rock surfaces) behaviour by the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, using loglinear analysis. The resultant model ranked the factors influential ...
... and quantifying the influence of interacting variables upon covering (placement of objects on upper surface) and migration (movement between upper and lower rock surfaces) behaviour by the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, using loglinear analysis. The resultant model ranked the factors influential ...
Lecture 12: More Evolutionary Algorithms
... Consequences of convergence (2) Evolution does not stop with a genetically-converged population (GCP) -- eg the human species, and our ancestors, have evolved as a GCP (… or species) for 4 billion years, with incredible changes. Mutation is the main engine of evolutionary change, and should be set ...
... Consequences of convergence (2) Evolution does not stop with a genetically-converged population (GCP) -- eg the human species, and our ancestors, have evolved as a GCP (… or species) for 4 billion years, with incredible changes. Mutation is the main engine of evolutionary change, and should be set ...
Report to SAZ - Durham University Community
... The Russian Zapovednik system is renowned throughout the world for its dedication to preserve representative intact ecosystems. As impressive as the conservation goal is the secondary goal of Zapovedniks to monitor and observe those ecosystems, and the changes that occur within them. Long-term obser ...
... The Russian Zapovednik system is renowned throughout the world for its dedication to preserve representative intact ecosystems. As impressive as the conservation goal is the secondary goal of Zapovedniks to monitor and observe those ecosystems, and the changes that occur within them. Long-term obser ...
Climate Change Risk Assessment Comment
... Despite these issues and some concern over the varied level of analysis of the different impacts, participants provided a valuable review of the impacts list. Some general comments were that the list over-emphasized hydrological issues and that it was important to take account of other perspectives ...
... Despite these issues and some concern over the varied level of analysis of the different impacts, participants provided a valuable review of the impacts list. Some general comments were that the list over-emphasized hydrological issues and that it was important to take account of other perspectives ...
Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama
... Approximately 65 Ma invading marsupials and ungulates of North American ancestry, and xenarthrans of uncertain provenance replaced nearly all South America’s non-volant mammals. There is no geological evidence for a land bridge at that time. Together with rodents and primates crossing from Africa 42 ...
... Approximately 65 Ma invading marsupials and ungulates of North American ancestry, and xenarthrans of uncertain provenance replaced nearly all South America’s non-volant mammals. There is no geological evidence for a land bridge at that time. Together with rodents and primates crossing from Africa 42 ...
Tentative List with Brief Descriptions
... Wooded meadows are traditional seminatural communities that few hundred years ago were widespread in the countries around the Baltic Sea but also in other parts of Europe. They are sparse natural wooded areas with regularly mown herb layer where the characteristic appearance and species composition ...
... Wooded meadows are traditional seminatural communities that few hundred years ago were widespread in the countries around the Baltic Sea but also in other parts of Europe. They are sparse natural wooded areas with regularly mown herb layer where the characteristic appearance and species composition ...
Community-wide body size differences between nocturnal and
... We conducted surveys with malaise traps and visual searches at random points in the vicinity of existing spider nests. At each site, we set up malaise traps (height, 1.2 m; base, 1.2 m) in separate areas at approximately 5–10 m away from spider nests (lowelevation N ¼ 8 traps in 2005, mid-elevation ...
... We conducted surveys with malaise traps and visual searches at random points in the vicinity of existing spider nests. At each site, we set up malaise traps (height, 1.2 m; base, 1.2 m) in separate areas at approximately 5–10 m away from spider nests (lowelevation N ¼ 8 traps in 2005, mid-elevation ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.