Developing an understanding of vegetation change and carbon
... Justification for research 1. Dryland environments are estimated to cover around 40% of the global land surface, and are home to approximately 2.4 billion people (Okin et al. 2009). Many of these areas have recently experienced extensive land degradation (Van Auken 2000, Jackson et al. 2002, Turnbu ...
... Justification for research 1. Dryland environments are estimated to cover around 40% of the global land surface, and are home to approximately 2.4 billion people (Okin et al. 2009). Many of these areas have recently experienced extensive land degradation (Van Auken 2000, Jackson et al. 2002, Turnbu ...
THE IMPLICATIONS OF INTRAGUILD PREDATION FOR THE ROLE
... assemblages of several species. Other evidence finds that spiders prey on each other and other generalist predators, and as such are of limited value in biological control. Such predatory interactions between species which use similar resources have been dubbed intraguild predation (IGP) due to thei ...
... assemblages of several species. Other evidence finds that spiders prey on each other and other generalist predators, and as such are of limited value in biological control. Such predatory interactions between species which use similar resources have been dubbed intraguild predation (IGP) due to thei ...
Invasive Alien Species - European Commission
... geographic areas have received little research attention. The study1 found a clear bias towards research on North American and European species. Almost half of all invasive species studied were in North America. Fewer studies have been conducted in Australasia and on oceanic islands, although these ...
... geographic areas have received little research attention. The study1 found a clear bias towards research on North American and European species. Almost half of all invasive species studied were in North America. Fewer studies have been conducted in Australasia and on oceanic islands, although these ...
The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative: An Ecological Research
... it will be necessary to discover to what extent patterns of biological diversity are important in determining the behavior of ecological systems (e.g., responses to climate change, rates of nutrient flow, or responses to pollutants). Only when these relationships are known will it be possible to dev ...
... it will be necessary to discover to what extent patterns of biological diversity are important in determining the behavior of ecological systems (e.g., responses to climate change, rates of nutrient flow, or responses to pollutants). Only when these relationships are known will it be possible to dev ...
Structure of a global and seasonal carbon exchange model for the
... vegetation with a short turnover time (leaves, feeder roots, and stored assimilates, summarized in the GC-compartment) and mostly woody, structural material with a long turnover time (RC-compartment). To describe the decomposition processes of soil organic matter, a one-compartment model after Fung ...
... vegetation with a short turnover time (leaves, feeder roots, and stored assimilates, summarized in the GC-compartment) and mostly woody, structural material with a long turnover time (RC-compartment). To describe the decomposition processes of soil organic matter, a one-compartment model after Fung ...
A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation
... thought to reduce extinction rates (2), but this may not be the case if innovation facilitates the evolution of specialist phenotypes sensitive to ecological disturbance (16, 17). Innovation may also exhibit niche-specific effects on extinction rates if the innovative trait involves a performance tr ...
... thought to reduce extinction rates (2), but this may not be the case if innovation facilitates the evolution of specialist phenotypes sensitive to ecological disturbance (16, 17). Innovation may also exhibit niche-specific effects on extinction rates if the innovative trait involves a performance tr ...
Time - OnCourse
... identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and ...
... identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and ...
Ecological niche - Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland
... favourable conditions determined by all environmental (abiotic and biotic) variables where the species can reproduce and survive, and the realized niche, which is a subset of the abstract fundamental niche, where the species can persist given the presence of other species competing for the same reso ...
... favourable conditions determined by all environmental (abiotic and biotic) variables where the species can reproduce and survive, and the realized niche, which is a subset of the abstract fundamental niche, where the species can persist given the presence of other species competing for the same reso ...
BASIN: Basin-scale Analysis, Synthesis, and INtegration
... The justification for the BASIN program is the scale of influence of global change and the added value of co-ordinating the scientific activities of the EU and North American countries to assess, predict, and mitigate the impact of climate and anthropogenic forcing on marine ecosystems and services ...
... The justification for the BASIN program is the scale of influence of global change and the added value of co-ordinating the scientific activities of the EU and North American countries to assess, predict, and mitigate the impact of climate and anthropogenic forcing on marine ecosystems and services ...
AND SPECIES RICHNESS
... either (a) a positive, linear relationship(54,112), (b) a positive, nonlinearrelationship (52,209), or (c) no relationshipbetween species richness and productivity (102). MacArthur(112) hypothesizedthat energy flow througha trophicweb would increase as the numberof species, and hence pathways for en ...
... either (a) a positive, linear relationship(54,112), (b) a positive, nonlinearrelationship (52,209), or (c) no relationshipbetween species richness and productivity (102). MacArthur(112) hypothesizedthat energy flow througha trophicweb would increase as the numberof species, and hence pathways for en ...
Estimating the tolerance of species to the effects
... change and mutualistic trade-offs can have a different impact on species’ tolerance. Contrary to the scenario of constant environmental conditions, where degree is the gold standard measure for estimating species’ tolerance, here we have demonstrated that in a changing environment this is not alway ...
... change and mutualistic trade-offs can have a different impact on species’ tolerance. Contrary to the scenario of constant environmental conditions, where degree is the gold standard measure for estimating species’ tolerance, here we have demonstrated that in a changing environment this is not alway ...
Density dependence in ungulates: a review of causes, and concepts
... population dynamics can be affected strongly by intraspecific competition, which changes in relation to the ecological carrying capacity (K) of the environment—a topic we will return to later. A characteristic growth curve of numbers over time for these large mammals in a constant environment would ...
... population dynamics can be affected strongly by intraspecific competition, which changes in relation to the ecological carrying capacity (K) of the environment—a topic we will return to later. A characteristic growth curve of numbers over time for these large mammals in a constant environment would ...
Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior, and Natural History. William J. Bell
... reserves), and the extension of foraging into the realm of “foraging games and the consequences of foraging as a group.” We reviewed the book keeping the “hypothetical graduate student” in mind, and we asked if the book provides enough depth of coverage of the new concepts emerging in the field to b ...
... reserves), and the extension of foraging into the realm of “foraging games and the consequences of foraging as a group.” We reviewed the book keeping the “hypothetical graduate student” in mind, and we asked if the book provides enough depth of coverage of the new concepts emerging in the field to b ...
Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries Management
... Thailand, in Hong Kong Bay and other areas of the South China Sea, extremely heavy trawl pressure has resulted in a shift from valuable demersal table fish such as croakers, groupers and snappers to a fishery dominated by small pelagics used for animal feed and invertebrates such as jellyfish and sq ...
... Thailand, in Hong Kong Bay and other areas of the South China Sea, extremely heavy trawl pressure has resulted in a shift from valuable demersal table fish such as croakers, groupers and snappers to a fishery dominated by small pelagics used for animal feed and invertebrates such as jellyfish and sq ...
A Dynamic Cournot-Nash Model for the Fish War under Stochastic
... My model has two basic features: First, there exists a duopolistic competition in which each of the participants should take into account the action of the other when it tries to maximize its total discounted utility. Second, the fish stock growth will follow a continuous stochastic evolution path; ...
... My model has two basic features: First, there exists a duopolistic competition in which each of the participants should take into account the action of the other when it tries to maximize its total discounted utility. Second, the fish stock growth will follow a continuous stochastic evolution path; ...
Evaluating the role of the dingo as a trophic
... predators, dingoes also exert predatory effects on herbivores. Rabbits are a staple prey in many areas, and native herbivores such as kangaroos and wallabies are also commonly consumed (Robertshaw & Harden 1985, 1986; Thomson 1992a; Corbett 1995). Dingoes may be capable of limiting or regulating pop ...
... predators, dingoes also exert predatory effects on herbivores. Rabbits are a staple prey in many areas, and native herbivores such as kangaroos and wallabies are also commonly consumed (Robertshaw & Harden 1985, 1986; Thomson 1992a; Corbett 1995). Dingoes may be capable of limiting or regulating pop ...
The Tempo of Evolution
... EVOLUTION IN CONTEXT Contemporary evolution, or rapid genetic changes within populations, is ubiquitous, but one of the earliest demonstrations of natural selection’s short-term dynamics was observed in the streams of Trinidad. Starting in the early 1980s, researchers transferred guppies from commun ...
... EVOLUTION IN CONTEXT Contemporary evolution, or rapid genetic changes within populations, is ubiquitous, but one of the earliest demonstrations of natural selection’s short-term dynamics was observed in the streams of Trinidad. Starting in the early 1980s, researchers transferred guppies from commun ...
Modelling the Gaia Hypothesis: Daisyworld
... on Earth. As a result of these cycles, concentrations of chemicals on Earth are not consistent with the concentrations that would be observed on a planet at equilibrium, instead chemicals are present in concentrations that are suitable for life on Earth. For example, on a planet at equilibrium all o ...
... on Earth. As a result of these cycles, concentrations of chemicals on Earth are not consistent with the concentrations that would be observed on a planet at equilibrium, instead chemicals are present in concentrations that are suitable for life on Earth. For example, on a planet at equilibrium all o ...
The scent of a predator: the effects of chemical threats on shell
... • Changes arising in prey populations from chemical predator threats can be morphological, physiological, behavioral or life-historical. • Indirect or chemically signaled trait-mediated impacts have been studied less. However, their implications are all-encompassing within ecological communities bec ...
... • Changes arising in prey populations from chemical predator threats can be morphological, physiological, behavioral or life-historical. • Indirect or chemically signaled trait-mediated impacts have been studied less. However, their implications are all-encompassing within ecological communities bec ...
Freshwater Fish Richness
... Populations/ESUs of only a few species in Ontario identified, none comprehensively. ...
... Populations/ESUs of only a few species in Ontario identified, none comprehensively. ...
Climate change uncouples trophic interactions in a
... producers to herbivorous zooplankton. However, the ability to respond to changes in the timing of phytoplankton blooms differed among zooplankton species. The phenology of Keratella paralleled the advance in timing of the phytoplankton peak. The temporal offset in this predator–prey relationship did ...
... producers to herbivorous zooplankton. However, the ability to respond to changes in the timing of phytoplankton blooms differed among zooplankton species. The phenology of Keratella paralleled the advance in timing of the phytoplankton peak. The temporal offset in this predator–prey relationship did ...
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host
... interaction between the host and the parasite is called parasitism. Parasitism is a type of symbiosis. Parasites are generally smaller than their hosts, absorbing nutrients from the host's body fluids, but this is far from a universal strategy. Organisms whose life cycle guarantees the death of the ...
... interaction between the host and the parasite is called parasitism. Parasitism is a type of symbiosis. Parasites are generally smaller than their hosts, absorbing nutrients from the host's body fluids, but this is far from a universal strategy. Organisms whose life cycle guarantees the death of the ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.