The SIR Epidemiology Model in Predicting Herd Immunity
... prevalence of measles, mumps and rubella (which have been dramatically decreased around the world due to vaccinations) will begin to rise again. Stopping the spread of MMR requires the vaccination of most children. The percentage of people that need to be vaccinated can be calculated using the SIR m ...
... prevalence of measles, mumps and rubella (which have been dramatically decreased around the world due to vaccinations) will begin to rise again. Stopping the spread of MMR requires the vaccination of most children. The percentage of people that need to be vaccinated can be calculated using the SIR m ...
effects of grazer richness and composition on algal biomass in a
... pool. In the two ‘‘closed system’’ tanks, each aquarium was covered with mesh (white fabric 0.039 g/cm2 with 1mm holes that allow light penetration of .90%, which is sufficient light for algal growth) to prevent migration of grazers. In the other two ‘‘open system’’ tanks, aquaria were also covered w ...
... pool. In the two ‘‘closed system’’ tanks, each aquarium was covered with mesh (white fabric 0.039 g/cm2 with 1mm holes that allow light penetration of .90%, which is sufficient light for algal growth) to prevent migration of grazers. In the other two ‘‘open system’’ tanks, aquaria were also covered w ...
Introductory Research Essay - Epsilon Open Archive
... distribution. In some forests, in e.g. North America, fire suppression will allow surface fuels to accumulate, and trees to develop in the understory. Inadvertent fires in such areas can develop into high-intensity burns that spread from the forest floor via the understory to the canopy (Kimmins 199 ...
... distribution. In some forests, in e.g. North America, fire suppression will allow surface fuels to accumulate, and trees to develop in the understory. Inadvertent fires in such areas can develop into high-intensity burns that spread from the forest floor via the understory to the canopy (Kimmins 199 ...
Soil phosphorus heterogeneity promotes tree species diversity and
... the tropics is largely unknown. Recent studies on phylogenetic comF I G U R E 1 Theoretical predictions between environmental heterogeneity and species diversity. (a) Classical niche theory. Environmental heterogeneity and niche partitioning as the main factors structuring ecological communities ...
... the tropics is largely unknown. Recent studies on phylogenetic comF I G U R E 1 Theoretical predictions between environmental heterogeneity and species diversity. (a) Classical niche theory. Environmental heterogeneity and niche partitioning as the main factors structuring ecological communities ...
7_Stochastic
... Key is that the observed prey abundance does not enter into differential equation – at least in concept. In practice, it may have to if that is the only measure we have. ...
... Key is that the observed prey abundance does not enter into differential equation – at least in concept. In practice, it may have to if that is the only measure we have. ...
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society High Diet Overlap
... well as among habitats and across seasons with dynamic food resource availability and foraging conditions. Thus, evaluating the potential for competition based on diet overlap may require comprehensive assessment of fish diets across both space and time. The dearth of such investigations for small f ...
... well as among habitats and across seasons with dynamic food resource availability and foraging conditions. Thus, evaluating the potential for competition based on diet overlap may require comprehensive assessment of fish diets across both space and time. The dearth of such investigations for small f ...
Population ecology PPT
... Evolution and Life History Diversity • Species that exhibit semelparity, or big-bang reproduction, reproduce once and die • Species that exhibit iteroparity, or repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly • Highly variable or unpredictable environments likely favor big-bang reproduction, wh ...
... Evolution and Life History Diversity • Species that exhibit semelparity, or big-bang reproduction, reproduce once and die • Species that exhibit iteroparity, or repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly • Highly variable or unpredictable environments likely favor big-bang reproduction, wh ...
American Scientist - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... have been especially aware of the boom and bust cycle because they fed acorns to livestock. Although records are sparse, historical economic data have been used to infer the size of acorn crops from as far back as the mid-17th century. Only recently, however, have scientists begun to recognize the g ...
... have been especially aware of the boom and bust cycle because they fed acorns to livestock. Although records are sparse, historical economic data have been used to infer the size of acorn crops from as far back as the mid-17th century. Only recently, however, have scientists begun to recognize the g ...
The OOSTVAARDERSDPLASSEN
... Syndrome’(Pauly, 1995). He stated: ’Essentially, this syndrome has arisen because each generation of fisheries scientists accepts as a baseline the stock size and species composition that occurred at the beginning of their careers, and uses this to evaluate changes. When the next generation starts i ...
... Syndrome’(Pauly, 1995). He stated: ’Essentially, this syndrome has arisen because each generation of fisheries scientists accepts as a baseline the stock size and species composition that occurred at the beginning of their careers, and uses this to evaluate changes. When the next generation starts i ...
grade 12 life sciences learner notes
... maturity. During moulting, the organism cannot move until the exoskeleton is completely dry, so it is vulnerable. ...
... maturity. During moulting, the organism cannot move until the exoskeleton is completely dry, so it is vulnerable. ...
Determinants of Distribu_on
... Determinants of Distribu/on 4) Bio?c Interac?ons: Diffuse Compe??on Diffuse compe??on: the combined effect of compe//on with many other species – one species is nega/vely affected by numerous other species that ...
... Determinants of Distribu/on 4) Bio?c Interac?ons: Diffuse Compe??on Diffuse compe??on: the combined effect of compe//on with many other species – one species is nega/vely affected by numerous other species that ...
Meso and Mega-herbivores of Balule
... number of days that they are seen on the reserve. In closed systems elephants have a measurable constant impact on the habitat, however in an open system where elephants disperse, the localized effect would be anticipated to be less (Loarie, van Aarde & Pimm, 2009). It is for this reason the WEI tea ...
... number of days that they are seen on the reserve. In closed systems elephants have a measurable constant impact on the habitat, however in an open system where elephants disperse, the localized effect would be anticipated to be less (Loarie, van Aarde & Pimm, 2009). It is for this reason the WEI tea ...
Asymmetric larval interactions between introduced and indigenous
... The six combinations of ladybird species that we studied were: (1) CT+CS, (2) CT+HA, (3) CT+CT, (4) HC +CS, (5) HC+HA, (6) HC+HC. We used second and fourth instars reared in all four possible pairings for mixed species combinations (e.g., a second instar of both species, or a second instar of one an ...
... The six combinations of ladybird species that we studied were: (1) CT+CS, (2) CT+HA, (3) CT+CT, (4) HC +CS, (5) HC+HA, (6) HC+HC. We used second and fourth instars reared in all four possible pairings for mixed species combinations (e.g., a second instar of both species, or a second instar of one an ...
Standard B-6
... It is essential for students to understand that an ecosystem is defined as a community (all the organisms in a given area) and the abiotic factors (such as water, soil, or climate) that affect them. A stable ecosystem is one where • the population numbers of each organism fluctuate at a predictable ...
... It is essential for students to understand that an ecosystem is defined as a community (all the organisms in a given area) and the abiotic factors (such as water, soil, or climate) that affect them. A stable ecosystem is one where • the population numbers of each organism fluctuate at a predictable ...
Eligible Content for Keystone
... 31.Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere). 32.Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 33.Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, ...
... 31.Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere). 32.Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 33.Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, ...
49 Butterfly diversity of Uplanv nature camp, Kalaburagi district
... with 9 species and Papilionidae with 7 species and Hesperidae only with 2 species. Key words: biodiversity, butterflies, Uplanv nature camp, Kalaburagi. 1. Introduction Biological diversity is the base for upholding the ecosystems and the functional aspects of the specie that provide goods and servi ...
... with 9 species and Papilionidae with 7 species and Hesperidae only with 2 species. Key words: biodiversity, butterflies, Uplanv nature camp, Kalaburagi. 1. Introduction Biological diversity is the base for upholding the ecosystems and the functional aspects of the specie that provide goods and servi ...
Pests biological control
... populations would eventually grow to the point where they consume their resource base and crash towards local extinction. The persistence of populations, and the relative lack of data for local extinctions, was seen as confirming evidence for the existence of density-dependence factors and the reg ...
... populations would eventually grow to the point where they consume their resource base and crash towards local extinction. The persistence of populations, and the relative lack of data for local extinctions, was seen as confirming evidence for the existence of density-dependence factors and the reg ...
Ecological fidelity of functional traits based on species presence
... Database_Manual.html). In some cases, especially for small mammals, consistent descriptions of species’ functional ecological attributes were difficult to obtain. When sources differed, we relied upon the primary literature of researchers with established field programs in the region (Kingdon 1971, ...
... Database_Manual.html). In some cases, especially for small mammals, consistent descriptions of species’ functional ecological attributes were difficult to obtain. When sources differed, we relied upon the primary literature of researchers with established field programs in the region (Kingdon 1971, ...
beyond economics and ecology - Pudel Uni
... William Ray Arney, Evergreen State College Educating for Freedom Even if written in the 1970s, these essays of Ivan Illich have lost none of their pertinence or newness. They help us sidestep the heedless rush towards catastrophe brought on by an out-of-control techno-economic mega-machine. Serge La ...
... William Ray Arney, Evergreen State College Educating for Freedom Even if written in the 1970s, these essays of Ivan Illich have lost none of their pertinence or newness. They help us sidestep the heedless rush towards catastrophe brought on by an out-of-control techno-economic mega-machine. Serge La ...
Evaluating condition-specific and asymmetric competition in a
... resulting in the competitive exclusion of a subordinate species when it occurs in the presence of a dominant species (Morin 1999). A few researchers have invoked conditionspecific competition as an explanation for parapatric (largely allopatric but slightly overlapping) distributions of closely rela ...
... resulting in the competitive exclusion of a subordinate species when it occurs in the presence of a dominant species (Morin 1999). A few researchers have invoked conditionspecific competition as an explanation for parapatric (largely allopatric but slightly overlapping) distributions of closely rela ...
poster - Sam Houston State University
... Field Collection of Samples: At each site we will collect samples for: water, soil, dominant algae, allochthonous detritus, and fish. Soil samples will be collected using a 60 cc soil core (~depth 10 cm). The predominant form of stream algae (e.g. green filamentous algae) will be collected using a m ...
... Field Collection of Samples: At each site we will collect samples for: water, soil, dominant algae, allochthonous detritus, and fish. Soil samples will be collected using a 60 cc soil core (~depth 10 cm). The predominant form of stream algae (e.g. green filamentous algae) will be collected using a m ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.