An hybrid multiscale model for immersed granular flows
... is almost empty but the fluid can’t cross it because of the F overpressure in front of the motion. This overpressure where μ is the dynamic viscosity, n is the outward normal point change into a ring below the swarm that becomes to the interface s of the two phases. a torus and the fluid will then be ...
... is almost empty but the fluid can’t cross it because of the F overpressure in front of the motion. This overpressure where μ is the dynamic viscosity, n is the outward normal point change into a ring below the swarm that becomes to the interface s of the two phases. a torus and the fluid will then be ...
Elephants in Africa: Big, grey biodiversity thieves?
... knock-on effects for sympatric species10,18,19. The effects of elephants on biological diversity in protected areas are of particular concern in light of how expansion in human populations, and the land-use change that follows, places increasing pressure on reserves to preserve biological diversity. ...
... knock-on effects for sympatric species10,18,19. The effects of elephants on biological diversity in protected areas are of particular concern in light of how expansion in human populations, and the land-use change that follows, places increasing pressure on reserves to preserve biological diversity. ...
Keystone Species
... • Predator and prey population sizes can move up and down together in a fairly tight linkage, but predator-prey interaction generally is only one of several factors that control the population level of either predators or prey. ...
... • Predator and prey population sizes can move up and down together in a fairly tight linkage, but predator-prey interaction generally is only one of several factors that control the population level of either predators or prey. ...
INSECTS ON PLANTS: Diversity of Herbivore Assemblages Revisited
... Plant Traits and Local Assemblages Plant size and architecture affect the number of associated herbivore species (Strong et al. 1984). In some local studies, larger plant individuals (Cytrynowicz 1991) or species (Marquis 1991) were shown to support more herbivore species, whereas in other studies, ...
... Plant Traits and Local Assemblages Plant size and architecture affect the number of associated herbivore species (Strong et al. 1984). In some local studies, larger plant individuals (Cytrynowicz 1991) or species (Marquis 1991) were shown to support more herbivore species, whereas in other studies, ...
Gambusia removal guidelines 2011
... to be a successful eradication strategy, many regions or specific sites are not suitable to these techniques e.g. fragile ecosystems or the presence of threatened fish species. It may then be worth considering physical removal, which will minimise impacts on non-target biota. ...
... to be a successful eradication strategy, many regions or specific sites are not suitable to these techniques e.g. fragile ecosystems or the presence of threatened fish species. It may then be worth considering physical removal, which will minimise impacts on non-target biota. ...
Grades K-2 Biodiversity 1. What is a group of organisms that can
... Grades 3-5 Biodiversity Grades 3-5 Biodiversity 27. What is a group of different species in one place? A. a population B. an ecosystem C. a community CORRECT: B, C ...
... Grades 3-5 Biodiversity Grades 3-5 Biodiversity 27. What is a group of different species in one place? A. a population B. an ecosystem C. a community CORRECT: B, C ...
Burrow Visitors: Commensalism versus Mutualism
... one or both of them.” 2 So off we went to find exact definitions and to try and categorize the relationships we were watching. Commensalism and Mutualism Commensalism is a relationship between two species in which one species obtains food or a different benefit from the other without either harming ...
... one or both of them.” 2 So off we went to find exact definitions and to try and categorize the relationships we were watching. Commensalism and Mutualism Commensalism is a relationship between two species in which one species obtains food or a different benefit from the other without either harming ...
Guidelines for physical removal of Eastern Gambusia
... The Alien fish threat Alien fish species are recognised as one of eight major threats to native fish in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) and the control of these species is one of the key driving actions of the MurrayDarling Basin Authority’s Native Fish Strategy. Eastern Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) ...
... The Alien fish threat Alien fish species are recognised as one of eight major threats to native fish in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) and the control of these species is one of the key driving actions of the MurrayDarling Basin Authority’s Native Fish Strategy. Eastern Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) ...
ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN A NORTHERN BOG
... Ecology is a multifaceted discipline involving the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecologists investigate the interactions between organisms and their environment in order to understand how ecosystems operate. Initiall ...
... Ecology is a multifaceted discipline involving the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecologists investigate the interactions between organisms and their environment in order to understand how ecosystems operate. Initiall ...
Origin of Bogs
... Ecology is a multifaceted discipline involving the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecologists investigate the interactions between organisms and their environment in order to understand how ecosystems operate. Initiall ...
... Ecology is a multifaceted discipline involving the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. Ecologists investigate the interactions between organisms and their environment in order to understand how ecosystems operate. Initiall ...
JMS 70_3 257-261 eyh028 FINAL
... recruit where macroalgal mats are developing because of the altered physical environment. At relatively low biomass, it is known that stands of macroalgae may facilitate the recruitment of fauna through the entrainment of larvae (Raffaelli, Raven & Poole, 1998). Then, the settled mussels may undergo ...
... recruit where macroalgal mats are developing because of the altered physical environment. At relatively low biomass, it is known that stands of macroalgae may facilitate the recruitment of fauna through the entrainment of larvae (Raffaelli, Raven & Poole, 1998). Then, the settled mussels may undergo ...
Published Version
... also used synonymously with secondary parasitoid. To assess the effects of defensive symbionts on parasitism under natural conditions, we set up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and followed their natural colonization and exploitation by ...
... also used synonymously with secondary parasitoid. To assess the effects of defensive symbionts on parasitism under natural conditions, we set up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and followed their natural colonization and exploitation by ...
Population limitation in migrants - Global Raptor Information Network
... per capita effects of adverse factors on survival or fecundity are greatest. Examples are given of some species whose numbers have changed in association with conditions in breeding areas, and of others whose numbers have changed in association with conditions in wintering areas. In a few such speci ...
... per capita effects of adverse factors on survival or fecundity are greatest. Examples are given of some species whose numbers have changed in association with conditions in breeding areas, and of others whose numbers have changed in association with conditions in wintering areas. In a few such speci ...
A seven-year study of individual variation in fruit
... mainly on crop sizes of developing fruits noted at the same time each year. Observations of reproductive status in February or March give a reasonable estimate of fruit crop size at ripening for most species, irrespective of the stage of fruit development at the time of the census. Lauraceous specie ...
... mainly on crop sizes of developing fruits noted at the same time each year. Observations of reproductive status in February or March give a reasonable estimate of fruit crop size at ripening for most species, irrespective of the stage of fruit development at the time of the census. Lauraceous specie ...
Lizards as pollinators and seed dispersers: an island
... In general, islands only have a few lizard species, but they often show extreme DC [40], caused possibly by a lack of interspecific competition and predation [35,45]. For example, the density of the lizard Ctenosaura hemilopha is much higher on islands in the Sea of Cortéz than on mainland Californ ...
... In general, islands only have a few lizard species, but they often show extreme DC [40], caused possibly by a lack of interspecific competition and predation [35,45]. For example, the density of the lizard Ctenosaura hemilopha is much higher on islands in the Sea of Cortéz than on mainland Californ ...
Cannibalism amplifies the spread of vertically transmitted pathogens
... Methods Our models consider a homogenous population of N hosts, each of which may be either susceptible (S) or infected (I). Because vertically transmitted pathogens are often acquired at birth and depend on their host’s reproduction to spread further, host recovery rates are generally low or nonexi ...
... Methods Our models consider a homogenous population of N hosts, each of which may be either susceptible (S) or infected (I). Because vertically transmitted pathogens are often acquired at birth and depend on their host’s reproduction to spread further, host recovery rates are generally low or nonexi ...
- Wiley Online Library
... 1. In grass species that occur in pastures or hay meadows, life spans of roots determine much of the carbon and nutrient loss from the plant in addition to the amounts that are lost by mowing or grazing. We hypothesized that grass species from nutrient-poor habitats had longer root life spans and co ...
... 1. In grass species that occur in pastures or hay meadows, life spans of roots determine much of the carbon and nutrient loss from the plant in addition to the amounts that are lost by mowing or grazing. We hypothesized that grass species from nutrient-poor habitats had longer root life spans and co ...
Social learning in birds and its role in shaping a foraging niche
... come from studies of song. Some details about the ontogeny of song have been well studied such as the brain pathways for vocal learning, the sensitive period during which a juvenile must learn songs, and which individuals the juvenile learns from [18,19]. Apparently, the strongest cases of ‘producti ...
... come from studies of song. Some details about the ontogeny of song have been well studied such as the brain pathways for vocal learning, the sensitive period during which a juvenile must learn songs, and which individuals the juvenile learns from [18,19]. Apparently, the strongest cases of ‘producti ...
Download paper as a PDF
... fishery landings and effort (Ricker 1975) and prey population and production (Ricker 1975). Many of these measurements are sensitive to the type of environmental method chosen, and can vary greatly both in time and space (Harrison and Seki 1987). It may be possible to estimate some of them only to t ...
... fishery landings and effort (Ricker 1975) and prey population and production (Ricker 1975). Many of these measurements are sensitive to the type of environmental method chosen, and can vary greatly both in time and space (Harrison and Seki 1987). It may be possible to estimate some of them only to t ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.