recovery plan - Rogue Riverkeeper
... The Plan guides recovery action implementation through 5-year intervals over the next 25 years. While the Plan urges immediate implementation of many recovery actions, defining a timeframe for Plan implementation is necessary to structure action implementation needs and overall recovery action cost. ...
... The Plan guides recovery action implementation through 5-year intervals over the next 25 years. While the Plan urges immediate implementation of many recovery actions, defining a timeframe for Plan implementation is necessary to structure action implementation needs and overall recovery action cost. ...
Extinction: bad genes or bad luck?
... becomes probable as a purely stochastic phenomenon. The critica1population size varies with the species, of course, but is generally very small. The classic mechanisms of competition and predation have been challenged. MacArthur (1 972), for example, wrote: «On the mainland ... the degree of synchro ...
... becomes probable as a purely stochastic phenomenon. The critica1population size varies with the species, of course, but is generally very small. The classic mechanisms of competition and predation have been challenged. MacArthur (1 972), for example, wrote: «On the mainland ... the degree of synchro ...
Individual phenotypic variation reduces interaction strengths in a
... Second, if individual variation affects interaction strengths, it can potentially affect population dynamics through the latter. So, would individual variation affect species persistence in a consumer–resource interaction? And, would individual variation affect the stability of consumer–resource int ...
... Second, if individual variation affects interaction strengths, it can potentially affect population dynamics through the latter. So, would individual variation affect species persistence in a consumer–resource interaction? And, would individual variation affect the stability of consumer–resource int ...
Plant communities as drivers of soil respiration: pathways
... processes such as carbon (C) (Cramer et al., 2001; Friedlingstein et al., 2006) and nutrient cycling (Gruber and Galloway, 2008). However, these large scale processes are mediated via the plant community present within the system, which is also likely to change in response to climate shifts (Neilson ...
... processes such as carbon (C) (Cramer et al., 2001; Friedlingstein et al., 2006) and nutrient cycling (Gruber and Galloway, 2008). However, these large scale processes are mediated via the plant community present within the system, which is also likely to change in response to climate shifts (Neilson ...
Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction - synergy
... their environments through niche construction (Lewontin 1983, 2000; Odling-Smee 1988; Odling-Smee and Turner 2012, this issue). This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective en ...
... their environments through niche construction (Lewontin 1983, 2000; Odling-Smee 1988; Odling-Smee and Turner 2012, this issue). This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective en ...
Causes of extinction of vertebrates during the Holocene of mainland
... timeframe of the arrival of the dingo and subsequent extinctions. These changes include a variety of technological innovations, increases in population size and habitat range, and increasingly sedentary behaviour and more intensive resource utilization. They have been identi ed in many regions of m ...
... timeframe of the arrival of the dingo and subsequent extinctions. These changes include a variety of technological innovations, increases in population size and habitat range, and increasingly sedentary behaviour and more intensive resource utilization. They have been identi ed in many regions of m ...
Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction | SpringerLink
... their environments through niche construction (Lewontin 1983, 2000; Odling-Smee 1988; Odling-Smee and Turner 2012, this issue). This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective en ...
... their environments through niche construction (Lewontin 1983, 2000; Odling-Smee 1988; Odling-Smee and Turner 2012, this issue). This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective en ...
Chemical defence, offence and alliance in ants-aphids
... Thirty years ago, I used a trophic web centred on aphids to illustrate the aims and scope of Chemical Ecology (Pasteels, 1976). The fashion in Ecology was to quantify the energy fluxes between trophic levels, whereas Chemical Ecology planned to investigate the chemicals controlling these fluxes. Che ...
... Thirty years ago, I used a trophic web centred on aphids to illustrate the aims and scope of Chemical Ecology (Pasteels, 1976). The fashion in Ecology was to quantify the energy fluxes between trophic levels, whereas Chemical Ecology planned to investigate the chemicals controlling these fluxes. Che ...
Managing Interacting Species: A Reinforcement Learning
... In the Artificial Intelligence community, Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are used to solve sequential decision making problems under uncertainty. In this paper we consider the case of non stationary Markov decision problems in a finite horizon. Given a state-space X ...
... In the Artificial Intelligence community, Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are used to solve sequential decision making problems under uncertainty. In this paper we consider the case of non stationary Markov decision problems in a finite horizon. Given a state-space X ...
Fabaceae total N input into these systems ( Woodmansee et al.,... (N) cycle of terrestrial ecosystems: they are often a signifi...
... N2-fixation is the sole N source. B values of shoot tissue range from –3.61‰ to +1.9‰ and depend on the legume species and rhizobial strain (Boddey et al., 2000; Unkovich et al., 2008). It is possible that this discrimination may be altered by temperature, but to our knowledge no studies have report ...
... N2-fixation is the sole N source. B values of shoot tissue range from –3.61‰ to +1.9‰ and depend on the legume species and rhizobial strain (Boddey et al., 2000; Unkovich et al., 2008). It is possible that this discrimination may be altered by temperature, but to our knowledge no studies have report ...
Evolution for undergraduates: fostering critical thinkers
... many aspects of evolution that could be taught at the undergraduate level, and content will vary depending on the course-context. Some basic components include the evidence for evolution, microevolution, speciation and macroevolution. However, teaching evolution offers exciting opportunities to conv ...
... many aspects of evolution that could be taught at the undergraduate level, and content will vary depending on the course-context. Some basic components include the evidence for evolution, microevolution, speciation and macroevolution. However, teaching evolution offers exciting opportunities to conv ...
You share your habitat with wolves and they are your predator. 5
... time period. Which of the following is a likely alternate explanation for the change in the goatfish population? a. goatfish prey increased in the area b. aquatic plants in the area decreased c. the temperature of the area increased d. goatfish parasites decreased in the area 5. Squirrels eat acorns ...
... time period. Which of the following is a likely alternate explanation for the change in the goatfish population? a. goatfish prey increased in the area b. aquatic plants in the area decreased c. the temperature of the area increased d. goatfish parasites decreased in the area 5. Squirrels eat acorns ...
Ecological role of large benthic decapods in marine ecosystems: a
... worldwide, yet their roles in the marine ecosystem are less well understood. A synthesis of existing evidence for 4 infraorders of large benthic marine decapods, Brachyura (true crabs), Anomura (king crabs), Astacidea (clawed lobsters) and Achelata (clawless lobsters), is presented here to gain insi ...
... worldwide, yet their roles in the marine ecosystem are less well understood. A synthesis of existing evidence for 4 infraorders of large benthic marine decapods, Brachyura (true crabs), Anomura (king crabs), Astacidea (clawed lobsters) and Achelata (clawless lobsters), is presented here to gain insi ...
ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in
... 2002, Kinzig et al. 2002). One of the main motivations for this research is the change in and loss of diversity seen as a result of human activities and climate change. Identifying general patterns in a research area such as this can be a major obstacle because even well-replicated ecological studie ...
... 2002, Kinzig et al. 2002). One of the main motivations for this research is the change in and loss of diversity seen as a result of human activities and climate change. Identifying general patterns in a research area such as this can be a major obstacle because even well-replicated ecological studie ...
Parasites in Marine Food Webs - Western Washington University
... The importance of species interactions can be defined as interaction strengths among species (Wootton 1994). Parasites can affect their hosts because, as consumers, parasites drain energy. From medical studies, we know that the energetic drain of some parasites can cause anemia, stunt growth, and im ...
... The importance of species interactions can be defined as interaction strengths among species (Wootton 1994). Parasites can affect their hosts because, as consumers, parasites drain energy. From medical studies, we know that the energetic drain of some parasites can cause anemia, stunt growth, and im ...
Information Document
... meeting of the Conference of the Parties (VI/23). Invasive alien species are one of the most significant drivers of environmental change worldwide (Mooney and Hobbs 2000, Sala et al. 2000, McNeely et al. 2001). They contribute to social instability and economic hardship, consequently placing constra ...
... meeting of the Conference of the Parties (VI/23). Invasive alien species are one of the most significant drivers of environmental change worldwide (Mooney and Hobbs 2000, Sala et al. 2000, McNeely et al. 2001). They contribute to social instability and economic hardship, consequently placing constra ...
Learning Objectives
... 5. Know how to perform and interpret biological water quality tests, using benthic macroinvertebrate testing, and understand why aquatic organisms and water quality is affected by the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the water C. Describe the variety of aquatic environments, their cha ...
... 5. Know how to perform and interpret biological water quality tests, using benthic macroinvertebrate testing, and understand why aquatic organisms and water quality is affected by the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the water C. Describe the variety of aquatic environments, their cha ...
A quicker return energyuse strategy by populations of a subtropical
... thus could not be used to calculate payback time and PEUE because Pmax was measured on the youngest fully expanded leaf. To further evaluate differences between plants from invasive and native populations in traits involving gas exchange, mass-based Pmax, stomatal conductance (Gs) and respiration ra ...
... thus could not be used to calculate payback time and PEUE because Pmax was measured on the youngest fully expanded leaf. To further evaluate differences between plants from invasive and native populations in traits involving gas exchange, mass-based Pmax, stomatal conductance (Gs) and respiration ra ...
Apago PDF Enhancer
... For natural selection to occur and to result in evolutionary change, three conditions must be met: 1. Variation must exist among individuals in a population. Natural selection works by favoring individuals with some traits over individuals with alternative traits. If no variation exists, natural sel ...
... For natural selection to occur and to result in evolutionary change, three conditions must be met: 1. Variation must exist among individuals in a population. Natural selection works by favoring individuals with some traits over individuals with alternative traits. If no variation exists, natural sel ...
Fishing down the marine food webs in the Hellenic seas
... individual species (e.g. decreasing mean body size and mean size/age at maturity, changing sex ratios, and decreasing population reproductive potential: e.g. Jennings et al. 1998; Stergiou, 1999) and at the ecosystem level (e.g. altering the structure and heterogeneity of benthic habitat, changing s ...
... individual species (e.g. decreasing mean body size and mean size/age at maturity, changing sex ratios, and decreasing population reproductive potential: e.g. Jennings et al. 1998; Stergiou, 1999) and at the ecosystem level (e.g. altering the structure and heterogeneity of benthic habitat, changing s ...
Interrelationship between the Alimentary Tract, Food and Feeding
... eye on each side of the head [3]. However, with growth, one or other eye migrates over the top of the head. Study of the food and feeding habits of fishes has attracted the attention of fishery biologists from the beginning of the last century. Much work on flatfishes has been done in other parts of ...
... eye on each side of the head [3]. However, with growth, one or other eye migrates over the top of the head. Study of the food and feeding habits of fishes has attracted the attention of fishery biologists from the beginning of the last century. Much work on flatfishes has been done in other parts of ...
Climate modifies response of non
... Experimental tests suggest that environmental factors can alter the effect that nutrient addition has on a plant’s carbon sequestration, nutrient uptake and relative growth rate, ultimately affecting the composition and richness of a community [29–31]. For instance, under elevated temperature and nu ...
... Experimental tests suggest that environmental factors can alter the effect that nutrient addition has on a plant’s carbon sequestration, nutrient uptake and relative growth rate, ultimately affecting the composition and richness of a community [29–31]. For instance, under elevated temperature and nu ...
Winter population dynamics between the Eastern
... without pause (Schmidt and Mech, 1997). This suggests that while kills could be more numerous in years with larger wolf packs, less of that food would be accessible to the ravens. The social foraging of ravens becomes particularly advantageous in years with smaller wolf packs as it increases each ra ...
... without pause (Schmidt and Mech, 1997). This suggests that while kills could be more numerous in years with larger wolf packs, less of that food would be accessible to the ravens. The social foraging of ravens becomes particularly advantageous in years with smaller wolf packs as it increases each ra ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.