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第12章 生活史Life Histories
第12章 生活史Life Histories

... C· E: is the proportion of adult body mass allocated to reproduction per unit time (C), multiplied by the adult lifespan (E). It is a benefit-cost ratio without dimensions, as high reproductive effort, benefit, is associated with high rates of mortality, a cost. ...
Biology CP
Biology CP

... Be able to identify biotic and abiotic factors Be able to identify and/or give examples of competition and predation Be able to identify and/or give examples of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism and parasitism Be able to interpret and analyze food chains and food webs: Identify primary, secondary a ...
Intro to Ecology Classwork Name
Intro to Ecology Classwork Name

... 1. The deer was in a predator/prey relationship with hunters. When the predator (hunter) was removed, the prey (deer) population increased dramatically. 2. At the beginning of the study, the deer population was very low. There were more resources available than the deer could use. This allowed the p ...
Midterm 2
Midterm 2

... Intraspecific Growth b. Do you think intraspecific or interspecific competition is a stronger limitation on the population growth of species B (3 points)? Interspecific Growth The change in the populations over time can be represented by the Lotka-Volterra model below where NA and NB are the populat ...
Learning Target: I can define invasive species and can
Learning Target: I can define invasive species and can

... line. I can accurately use terms such as carrying capacity, exponential growth, logistic growth, lag phase, and equilibrium in my explanation. Students will: ...
7-1-10 - Food Chain
7-1-10 - Food Chain

... not having to wait for reproduction processes or killing mass amounts of species to test a hypothesis. Students also do not have to physically trap and count real species. Students can alter variables to quickly get results. Four levels of a food chain are simulated. Simulation can be analyzed visua ...
Chapter 12 Communities and Populations Worksheets
Chapter 12 Communities and Populations Worksheets

... Most populations do not live under ideal conditions. Therefore, most do not grow exponentially. Certainly, no population can keep growing exponentially for very long. Many factors may limit growth. Often, the factors are density-dependent. These are factors that kick in when the population becomes t ...
article - American Scientist
article - American Scientist

... rate (overall numbers of new organisms produced per year) is low when a population is small. It is also low when a population nears its carrying capacity, because of density-dependent processes such as food availability (Figure 2). Intermediate-sized populations have the greatest growth capacity and ...
Chapter 2: - Darlak4Science
Chapter 2: - Darlak4Science

... b) The Mantled Howler Monkey (found in Mexico and South America) is currently considered an endangered species. What does this mean about its birth and death rates? ...
Chapter 13
Chapter 13

... we thought, for example, that food supply might be limiting the thrush population, we could try supplying lots of extra snails and then see if this has an effect on population size. But it would be virtually impossible to control all the other variables, such as size of predator or parasite populati ...
Document
Document

... Evolution and Life History Diversity • Species that exhibit semelparity, or big-bang reproduction, reproduce once and die • Species that exhibit iteroparity, or repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly • Highly variable or unpredictable environments likely favor big-bang reproduction, wh ...
A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene
A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene

... 8)]. To test for any effect of this assumption, grid cells in Arizona, Florida, and Connecticut also were designated as the initial point of invasion (trials 44 through 46). These three simulations all yield comparable extinction patterns. By contrast, a completely uniform seeding of the initial hum ...
population
population

... • The Hardy-Weinberg principle demonstrates that, under certain conditions, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a sexually reproducing population remain constant from one generation to the next ...
Axia College Material
Axia College Material

... 1. Print out these lab experiment instructions. A printed copy of these instructions will aid in completing the lab accurately and effectively, because you will not need to switch back and forth between computer screens. 2. Disable your pop-up blocker. PopEcoLab and the PopEcoLab online notebook wil ...
Unit 21.1
Unit 21.1

... Changes in Population Size Births and Deaths • The birth rate is the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time. • The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time. If birth rate > death rate, population size increases. If death rate > birth rate, ...
Unit 21.1
Unit 21.1

... Changes in Population Size Births and Deaths • The birth rate is the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time. • The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time. If birth rate > death rate, population size increases. If death rate > birth rate, ...
Living Things
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... size when new members join the population or when members leave the population. ...
American Fisheries Society Ken Beal, President Gus Rassam, Executive Director 301-897-8616 (ext 208)
American Fisheries Society Ken Beal, President Gus Rassam, Executive Director 301-897-8616 (ext 208)

... of such a system would be complicated and must include safeguards to ensure fairness because individual managers and fishermen rarely have complete control over the fisheries in which they are involved. 7. How do we deal with the continuing problems facing marine mammals? The most important manageme ...
Principles of Ecology (APES)
Principles of Ecology (APES)

... vi. A consequence of natural selection is that when two species compete, the more fit species will win and persist and the less fit species will lose and will either migrate, become extinct, or partition the resource and utilize a sub-set of the same resource.  This is known as the competitive excl ...
Breeding and Non-breeding Survival of Lesser Prairie
Breeding and Non-breeding Survival of Lesser Prairie

...  Winter (Jan) surveys of waterfowl have been conducted since the 1930s  This survey is still the primary population index for ducks that occur outside of the May survey area, and provides population indices for many goose populations in North America  During May and July aerial waterfowl surveys ...
unit 5: the interdependence of organisms
unit 5: the interdependence of organisms

... The organization of ecosystems is based upon populations interacting with each other and with abiotic factors of the environment. The interaction of populations sets up a community. Populations may interact in positive or negative ways. An example of a positive interaction is seen in the pollinating ...
Habitat heterogeneity affects population growth in goshawk Accipiter
Habitat heterogeneity affects population growth in goshawk Accipiter

... territories were of high quality (Fig. 2a) but the number of occupied intermediate and low quality territories increased rapidly in years of intermediate or high density ( Fig. 2b,c). This distribution of territory qualities between levels of population density differs significantly from random (χ2 ...
3rd Quarter Benchmark Part III
3rd Quarter Benchmark Part III

... there is a single species of seed eating birds. Individual birds are able to eat seeds that are within 2mm (larger or smaller) of their beak depth. The distribution of individuals is shown. A long drought caused the plant species that produces seeds between 3-9 mm in size to go extinct. What does th ...
Kerim Aydin Alaska Fisheries Science Center
Kerim Aydin Alaska Fisheries Science Center

... • “From a human point of view, maintaining yield at a certain (maximal) rate or level over time implies that we are getting everything we can, which we think is best for society. From the resource viewpoint, however, this is something that the resource has to “endure,” which implies stress, and cons ...
North Sea - CFP Reform Watch
North Sea - CFP Reform Watch

... (many stocks now at FMSY) SSB increasing some stocks still having problems ...
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Maximum sustainable yield

In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period. Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely. Under the assumption of logistic growth, resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small. At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the carrying capacity, individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate. At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals. Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity. At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. Unlike the logistic (Schaefer) model, MSY has been refined in most modern fisheries models and occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method.However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries. As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of bycatch. Among conservation biologists it is widely regarded as dangerous and misused.
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