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POPULATION ECOLOGY
POPULATION ECOLOGY

... acterized by specific categories, such as years in mammals, stages (eggs, larvae, or pupae) in insects, or size classes in plants. We expect that an increasing population should have a large number of young, whereas a decreasing population should have few young. The loss of age classes can have a pr ...
Student worksheet - KBS GK12 Project
Student worksheet - KBS GK12 Project

... becoming more resistant to predation by crabs. How is this happening? In this session, we will play a game with nuts simulating crab-mussel interactions. We will gather data from the game, analyze it, and draw conclusions about how an introduced predator could cause quick evolutionary change in only ...
5-1 How Populations Grow
5-1 How Populations Grow

... 5-1 How Populations Grow ...
Distribution patterns - SOEST
Distribution patterns - SOEST

...   Where it lives, what food it eats, what animals eat it ...
Interactions 1 in Ecosystems - Kossmann
Interactions 1 in Ecosystems - Kossmann

... compete for a limited resource, such as space. In a lawn, for example, grass, dandelions, and many other plants all compete for nutrients and water. Competition also occurs among members of the same species. This is known as intraspecific competition. Individuals of a particular species struggle aga ...
Organisms and Populations
Organisms and Populations

... to their volume, they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside; then they have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the main reason why very small animals are rarely found in polar regions. During the course of evolution, the costs and benefits of m ...
Investigating factors controlling population size. (WJEC A2)
Investigating factors controlling population size. (WJEC A2)

... The capercaille became extinct in the area that is now the Parc National des Cevennes during the 18th century. The major cause for its extinction in the area was the gradual change in land use from forests to pasture and cultivated fields – another name for the capercaille is the wood grouse, forest ...
Predator
Predator

... • These results suggested that hare population cycles might be driven by fluctuations in the level of plant defenses ...
Grazing and Top Down vs. Bottom Up Regulation
Grazing and Top Down vs. Bottom Up Regulation

... • These results suggested that hare population cycles might be driven by fluctuations in the level of plant defenses ...
Organisms and Populations.pmd
Organisms and Populations.pmd

... to their volume, they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside; then they have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the main reason why very small animals are rarely found in polar regions. During the course of evolution, the costs and benefits of m ...
Glossary Ecology
Glossary Ecology

... species, the amount of genetic variation or the number of community types present in the area. Biogeochemical Cycle: The movement of chemical elements between organisms and non-living compartments of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Biogeography: The study of the geographical distributio ...
FE-206 Food Microbiology1 Spring 2016
FE-206 Food Microbiology1 Spring 2016

... metabolism are required and this limits the size of bacteria to microscopic dimensions. As the cell size increases, the s/v ratio decreases, which adversely affects the transport of nutrients into and end-products out of the cell. ...
Link
Link

... There is debate whether natural biological control by insect predators can be maintained in sustainable agricultural systems. Spiders (Arachnidae) are the most abundant generalist predator in agriculture and there have been many studies on spiders associated with reduction of pest damage (Wise, 1993 ...
AG-WL-03.453-06.2_Population_NumbersC
AG-WL-03.453-06.2_Population_NumbersC

... f. Sex and age composition of the population g. Mating habitats related to age and sex compositions of the population 7. What is biological surplus? a. A scientific name for the number of animals in a given population that are above the carrying capacity. b. Example of biological surplus: i. If 25 d ...
Exam #1 Practice Questions
Exam #1 Practice Questions

... discrete exponential model confront , and how does it change the model? Give an example of a species that would be best modeled with the discrete exponential. Answer: 1) Closed population (no migration) 2) Constant birth and death rates (unlimited resources) 3) No age, size or stage structure ...
Ch14Pres
Ch14Pres

... Stewardship of Ocean Life – In the United States, NOAA is the principal government agency charged with stewardship responsibilities for the nation’s marine environment and living resources. – Effective stewardship requires consideration of both the biotic and abiotic components of marine ecosystems ...
Ch. 1 Review
Ch. 1 Review

... • The levels of organization within an ecosystem are organism, population, and community. • Click the link to watch the Ecosystems Song: ...
BIO 201
BIO 201

... FOOD  WEBS  AND  TROPHIC  LEVELS:  These  are  two  widely  employed  conceptual  models/maps used to explain the linkages among species in relation to production in the  ecosystem and transfer of energy. They are used to illustrate pathways of energy flow in an  ecological  community,  usually  sta ...
A verbal model of predator
A verbal model of predator

... Why don’t predators increase at the same time as the prey? ...
Lesson Overview - Bloomsburg Area School District
Lesson Overview - Bloomsburg Area School District

...  In some situations, ____________________ limits populations.  For example, _____________, by catching more and more fish every year, have raised ______ death rates so high that birthrates cannot keep up. As a result, cod populations have been dropping.  These populations can _____________ if we ...
Limiting Factors
Limiting Factors

... Yellow perch prefer water that has little current. They can tolerate moderate turbidity and they prefer a temperature range of 18-20 degrees Celsius. IF the temperature of the water varies too much above this range, yellow perch will either move to a new location or die. Yellow perch spawn (mate) in ...
Food Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz
Food Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz

... is home to many species of mammals, including elk. The elk feed on grasses and on cottonwood, aspen, and willow trees. Historically, a significant portion of the elk population died each winter because winters in Yellowstone were long and very cold, with deep snow. To which trophic level do elk belo ...
In the trophic pyramid…
In the trophic pyramid…

... Trends in average total weight harvested (A) and mean weight of harvested individuals (B) across multiple generations of size-selective exploitation. Closed circles represent small harvested lines, open squares are the random-harvested lines, and closed triangles are the large-harvested lines. Conov ...
BISC530: Biology Conservation Kedong Yin
BISC530: Biology Conservation Kedong Yin

... Life history: juvenile dispersal from their natal areas, in search for both a suitable site and a mate ...
Balanced Harvesting in the Barents Sea?
Balanced Harvesting in the Barents Sea?

... Most of the modelling studies do not include this, but set a fixed F based on mean productivity -For example: For capelin - fixed F (from fixed productivity) results in  overfishing at critically low abundances  loss of catches when abundances are high Lower yield for cod and herring in Gadget mo ...
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Maximum sustainable yield

In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period. Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely. Under the assumption of logistic growth, resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small. At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the carrying capacity, individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate. At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals. Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity. At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. Unlike the logistic (Schaefer) model, MSY has been refined in most modern fisheries models and occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method.However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries. As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of bycatch. Among conservation biologists it is widely regarded as dangerous and misused.
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