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Ecology13
Ecology13

... • Abiotic factors: low precipitation; variable temperatures; soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material • Plants: cacti and other succulents; ...
Ch. 4 Populations and communities
Ch. 4 Populations and communities

... But species do occupy the same area without becoming extinct. How is this? It’s because abiotic and biotic conditions in an environment vary in space and time. Adaptations of species to specific conditions allows it to thrive and overcome its competitors in one location or time, but not in ...
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... Altering Values for Survivorship and Fecundity • Analyses like these allow biologists to determine which aspects of survivorship and fecundity are especially sensitive for particular species, and plan accordingly. • For example, many endangered species have high juvenile mortality, low adult mortal ...
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ap biology summer assignment 2014

... All AP students are required to do an independent research project. One of the most difficult aspects of this project is choosing the right topic. You should take some time this summer to think about what you might want to do. Since you will spend several months working on this topic it is important ...
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AP BIOLOGY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2015 The AP curriculum is

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... The logistic growth model assumes that, regardless of the population density, each individual added to the population has the same negative effect on the population growth rate. o Some populations show an Allee effect, in which individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if t ...
Ecology Unit - Midwest Central CUSD #191 / Homepage
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... Population growth is greatest when the population is approximately half of the carrying capacity. o At this population size, there are many reproducing individuals, and the per capita rate of increase remains relatively high. ...
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... Are the oceans and freshwaters of the world being overfished? It seems a simple question and one which modern fisheries research should be poised to answer. However, an ongoing debate among fisheries biologists has largely ignored what is arguably one of the most important factors impacting the sust ...
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... America leaves many questions about the future of wildlife in these areas. An effect of this rapid population increase is habitat fragmentation. Fragmentation separates populations of organisms from food sources, water and other con-specifics (Gaines 1997). However, while fragmentation detrimentally ...
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... 1) Even at this rate, however, after two thousand years, the weight of the descendents from two mating elephants would exceed that of the earth. c. The following factors contribute to the biotic potential of a species. 1) Age at reproductive maturity 2) Clutch size (number of offspring produced at e ...
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... integration of populations When individuals disperse throughout a population, they link different subpopulations together and make the whole population function and evolve as a single structure. When dispersal is limited, different subpopulations behave independently to each other. Measurements of d ...
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Maximum sustainable yield

In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period. Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely. Under the assumption of logistic growth, resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small. At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the carrying capacity, individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate. At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals. Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity. At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. Unlike the logistic (Schaefer) model, MSY has been refined in most modern fisheries models and occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method.However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries. As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of bycatch. Among conservation biologists it is widely regarded as dangerous and misused.
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