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Notes - Population Ecology
Notes - Population Ecology

... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Export To Word
Export To Word

... The student will be able to describe how births, deaths, immigration, emigration, abiotic, and biotic factors affect population size of California sea otters. The student will be able to explain population density, logistic growth, exponential growth, and carrying capacity. The student will be able ...
Top-down
Top-down

... • Predation – this is what we’ll focus on today ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Herbivory can also contribute to changes in population numbers. From a plant’s perspective, herbivores are predators. On parts of Isle Royale, large, dense moose populations can eat so much balsam fir that the population of these favorite food plants drops. When this happens, moose may suffer from l ...
FISH 312: Fisheries Ecology
FISH 312: Fisheries Ecology

... Density-independent mortality: Some forms of mortality do not vary with density but result from physical factors that operate without regard to density. However, even some of these factors (freezing, flooding, high temperatures) may interact with density. For example, at high densities, some organis ...
Lesson Overview - St. Pius X High School
Lesson Overview - St. Pius X High School

... Biologists are studying birthrates and the age structure of the cod population to determine how many fish can be taken without threatening the survival of this population. ...
Limits to Growth - Hoquiam Science
Limits to Growth - Hoquiam Science

... Herbivory can also contribute to changes in population numbers. From a plant’s perspective, herbivores are predators. On parts of Isle Royale, large, dense moose populations can eat so much balsam fir that the population of these favorite food plants drops. When this happens, moose may suffer from l ...
factors that influence the “carrying capacity” of game species
factors that influence the “carrying capacity” of game species

... to succeed in wildlife and habitat conservation. First, we list reasons why it is important to estimate carrying capacity. Second, we identify what factors influence carrying capacity and how it is perceived among stakeholders. Finally, we discuss the need to include both target species, the ecosyst ...
A Population Growth Curve Using Southern Sea Otter
A Population Growth Curve Using Southern Sea Otter

... Engage: What object, event, or questions will the teacher use to trigger the students' curiosity and engage them in the concepts? Begin the lesson by showing a YouTube video of sea otter capture and census, "A View from Below: Sea Otter Capture" by CalSpillWatch. Follow the video with a quick questi ...
scandinavian wolf ecology and management from a multispecies
scandinavian wolf ecology and management from a multispecies

... development (Wikenros et al. 2014). Within this context, we will develop a design for spatial monitoring with different levels of sampling to provide the most precise and accurate measurement of group size. Particularly important will be to document variations in group size according to primiparous ...
ecology 2015 - Warren County Schools
ecology 2015 - Warren County Schools

... pollinating the plant. Insects (beetles) on the plant found this protein/sugar mix and used it as food. Insects became dependent on this food source and started carrying pollen from plant to plant. Beetle-pollination must have been more efficient than wind for some species, so there was natural sele ...
5-1 How Populations Grow
5-1 How Populations Grow

... population density reaches a certain level. • These factors operate most strongly when a population is large and dense. ...
Q1. (a) Explain the meaning of these ecological terms. Population
Q1. (a) Explain the meaning of these ecological terms. Population

... population of woodlice. They collected 77 woodlice and marked them before releasing them back into the same area. Later they collected 96 woodlice, 11 of which were marked. (i) ...
Human depredation and the wild bird trade in West Africa
Human depredation and the wild bird trade in West Africa

... In Europe, where hunting of birds is thought to be more of a recreational activity than for meat or eggs, hunting probably also did inflict some immeasurable impact on birds including on migratory wildfowl and on song-birds. Evidence from countries such as Germany, France, Russia (Siberia), Spain an ...
pop-ecology - WordPress.com
pop-ecology - WordPress.com

... • Limiting factor principle • Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance ...
Impacts of maximum sustainable yield policy to prey–predator systems
Impacts of maximum sustainable yield policy to prey–predator systems

... and k is the environmental carrying capacity of prey population, a is the predation rate, m is the natural mortality rate of the predator. The prey–predator model (2) is simple in the sense that predator consumes prey population according to Holling type I functional response and the intraspecific co ...
UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL

... This text will be available for check out in the library for those that do not want to purchase the text. Advantages to purchasing your own copy of the text include: the ability to highlight the text as you actively read, annotating the figures, use of the Master-Biology Multimedia CD that comes wit ...
Functional responses in resource-based mutualisms: a time scale
Functional responses in resource-based mutualisms: a time scale

... mutualists, which are functions of the resources offered to the other species, also with diminishing returns. In their analyses, the resources that mediate benefits and costs are replaced by population abundances as if the species were the resources themselves. This assumption enables the graphical ...
Ecology: Organisms and their environment
Ecology: Organisms and their environment

... interested in. It is called the biosphere. That is the thin layer of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere that can support life. Ecologists, people who study ecology, would like to study the whole biosphere but it is not possible since it is way to big. Instead they try to study the ecosystems ...
Population dynamics of two marine polychaetes: the
Population dynamics of two marine polychaetes: the

... A third point of interest is the role predators play in determining the dynamics of a prey species (Berryman, 1992b). Predation may act either as a density-dependent or -independent factor. In terms of the definition provided by Royama (1992, p. 21, ‘‘if the state of existence of an ecological facto ...
Explaining density-dependent regulation in earthworm populations
Explaining density-dependent regulation in earthworm populations

... industries. Under such conditions, and when in pure culture, very high densities of 15 worms per l can be reached as reported by Domı́nguez and Edwards (1997). At these conditions, reproduction was impaired although our life-history analyses showed that population growth rate was hardly influenced. ...
Limiting Factors Reading
Limiting Factors Reading

... THINK ABOUT IT Now that you’ve seen how populations typically grow in nature, we can explore why they grow as they do. If populations tend to grow exponentially, why do they often follow logistic growth? In other words, what determines the carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species ...
November 2014
November 2014

... =the amount of water per dog is decreased. It may even run out. What might happen to the space in this classroom if the number of students were doubled or tripled? Would that put a strain on any of our resources, such as chairs, desks or paper? Do you think there is a limit to the number of students ...
Ecology Self-study guide
Ecology Self-study guide

... Explain the consequence of interconnectedness in ecology. C) Explain how models are useful in ecological study. D) List and define the levels of organization regarding ecology. 2) From pages 363-365 titled “Ecology of Organisms” be able to; A) Contrast biotic and abiotic factors found in any environ ...
File
File

... resources, one species will be better suited to the niche and the other species will either be pushed into another niche or become extinct 4. one competitor is pushed out of a niche by another competitor, niche partitioning (resources are divided among competitors), evolutionary response (divergent ...
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Maximum sustainable yield

In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period. Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely. Under the assumption of logistic growth, resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small. At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the carrying capacity, individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate. At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals. Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity. At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. Unlike the logistic (Schaefer) model, MSY has been refined in most modern fisheries models and occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method.However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries. As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of bycatch. Among conservation biologists it is widely regarded as dangerous and misused.
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