Document
... enzymes are specific succinic dehydrogenase HOOC-HC=CH-COOH <-------------------------------> HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH +2H fumaric acid succinic acid NOT a substrate for the enzyme: 1-hydroxy-butenoate: HO-CH=CH-COOH (simple OH instead of one of the carboxyl's) Maleic acid ...
... enzymes are specific succinic dehydrogenase HOOC-HC=CH-COOH <-------------------------------> HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH +2H fumaric acid succinic acid NOT a substrate for the enzyme: 1-hydroxy-butenoate: HO-CH=CH-COOH (simple OH instead of one of the carboxyl's) Maleic acid ...
notes - is234
... the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chlorophyll molecules are contained within disk-like structures called Thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a Granum. The region outside the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast is called Stroma. ...
... the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chlorophyll molecules are contained within disk-like structures called Thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a Granum. The region outside the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast is called Stroma. ...
Metabolism - Websupport1
... Two pryruvic acid + 4ATP +2ADP + 2NADH The net gain of ATP of glycolysis is 2ATP (it produces 4ATP but two of the ATP are used) ...
... Two pryruvic acid + 4ATP +2ADP + 2NADH The net gain of ATP of glycolysis is 2ATP (it produces 4ATP but two of the ATP are used) ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... metabolized to lactate or to CO2 and alcohol (it is species specific)…result can be net gain of only 2 ATP per molecule verses 32 – 34 under normal cycle just described ...
... metabolized to lactate or to CO2 and alcohol (it is species specific)…result can be net gain of only 2 ATP per molecule verses 32 – 34 under normal cycle just described ...
Amino Acids
... • They have a central α-carbon and α-amino and αcarboxyl groups • 20 different amino acids • Same core structure, but different side group (R) • The α-C is chiral (except glycine); proteins contain only L-isoforms. • Amino acids are ampholytes, pKa of α-COOH is ~2 and of α-NH2 is ~ 9 • At physiologi ...
... • They have a central α-carbon and α-amino and αcarboxyl groups • 20 different amino acids • Same core structure, but different side group (R) • The α-C is chiral (except glycine); proteins contain only L-isoforms. • Amino acids are ampholytes, pKa of α-COOH is ~2 and of α-NH2 is ~ 9 • At physiologi ...
Chemistry 202 Amino Acids, Peptides, and
... order they occur. Simple examples are the tripeptides made by combining either three glycine molecules or two glycines and one alanine. The three glycine tripeptide can have only one structure: glycine-glycine-glycine. The other tripeptides can have different orders: glycine-alanine-glycine, glycine ...
... order they occur. Simple examples are the tripeptides made by combining either three glycine molecules or two glycines and one alanine. The three glycine tripeptide can have only one structure: glycine-glycine-glycine. The other tripeptides can have different orders: glycine-alanine-glycine, glycine ...
Honors Macromolecules Study Guide
... 9. a. At home, look at the labels of 3 common foods you eat. b. What macromolecules are in them? c. Any building blocks you get to many or too few of? d. Describe what your body does with these macromolecules. e. Many people say “you are what you eat.” Why is this a true statement from a biology sta ...
... 9. a. At home, look at the labels of 3 common foods you eat. b. What macromolecules are in them? c. Any building blocks you get to many or too few of? d. Describe what your body does with these macromolecules. e. Many people say “you are what you eat.” Why is this a true statement from a biology sta ...
Cellular respiration
... (for example, lactic acid or mixed acids) or an alcohol (for example, ethanol or butanediol) ...
... (for example, lactic acid or mixed acids) or an alcohol (for example, ethanol or butanediol) ...
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
... Key Features of the Krebs Cycle • Since 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed from one molecule of glucose, the Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose processed • As acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, the CoA is released and can be used for the next pyruvate •During one complete cycle a tota ...
... Key Features of the Krebs Cycle • Since 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed from one molecule of glucose, the Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose processed • As acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, the CoA is released and can be used for the next pyruvate •During one complete cycle a tota ...
Guangyi Wang Chemosynthesis (Chemolithotrophy)
... HETEROTROPHIC - depend entirely on organic molecules synthesized by other organisms. Osmotrophic heterotrophs which take up organic compounds by absorption through cell membrane. Phagotrophic heterotrophs which ingest particulate food. MIXOTROPHIC - organisms with mixed mode of nutrition. Some bacte ...
... HETEROTROPHIC - depend entirely on organic molecules synthesized by other organisms. Osmotrophic heterotrophs which take up organic compounds by absorption through cell membrane. Phagotrophic heterotrophs which ingest particulate food. MIXOTROPHIC - organisms with mixed mode of nutrition. Some bacte ...
Notes on chemistry of life
... • Proteins control the rates of reactions, regulate cell processes, and transport substances into or out of the cell – Ex. Enzymes are proteins that ...
... • Proteins control the rates of reactions, regulate cell processes, and transport substances into or out of the cell – Ex. Enzymes are proteins that ...
RED &WHITE BLOOD CELLS
... formed by the tissue metabolism. Is composed of a membrane surrounding the hemoglobin. Hb forms about 95% of the intracellular protein of the red cell. ...
... formed by the tissue metabolism. Is composed of a membrane surrounding the hemoglobin. Hb forms about 95% of the intracellular protein of the red cell. ...
Atoms, Molecules, and Chemistry
... Typically, we think of biological molecules as carbon based, organic molecules. Carbon is very important, as it can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with a number of other atoms, creating large, complex, yet stable structures. ...
... Typically, we think of biological molecules as carbon based, organic molecules. Carbon is very important, as it can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with a number of other atoms, creating large, complex, yet stable structures. ...
Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
... and function is cholesterol, which is synthesized by the liver in humans and animals and is also present in most animal-based foods. Like other lipids, cholesterol's hydrocarbons make it hydrophobic; however, it has a polar hydroxyl head that is hydrophilic. Cholesterol is an important component of ...
... and function is cholesterol, which is synthesized by the liver in humans and animals and is also present in most animal-based foods. Like other lipids, cholesterol's hydrocarbons make it hydrophobic; however, it has a polar hydroxyl head that is hydrophilic. Cholesterol is an important component of ...
Protein Reading Questions Due Monday File
... 12. The reading mentions that ‘polypeptide’ and ‘protein’ are not the same thing. How can you relate the two? ...
... 12. The reading mentions that ‘polypeptide’ and ‘protein’ are not the same thing. How can you relate the two? ...
Science - B3 Revision
... that the bases occurred in pairs. New discoveries, such as Watson and Crick’s, are not accepted or rewarded immediately ◦ Shows the importance of other scientists repeating or testing the work to get the same results ...
... that the bases occurred in pairs. New discoveries, such as Watson and Crick’s, are not accepted or rewarded immediately ◦ Shows the importance of other scientists repeating or testing the work to get the same results ...
Citric Acid Cycle Overview
... acids boost flux by making more CAC intermediates • Transamination • High [pyruvate] at beginning of glycolysis boosts flux through CAC ...
... acids boost flux by making more CAC intermediates • Transamination • High [pyruvate] at beginning of glycolysis boosts flux through CAC ...
Cell Metabolism
... Products of Glycolysis include: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid 2 molecules of ATP (net gain): (4 ATP are produced, but phase 1 consumes 2 ATP, so there’s a net gain of just 2 ATP) 2 molecules of NADH (each NADH is worth 3 ATP in the ETC) ...
... Products of Glycolysis include: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid 2 molecules of ATP (net gain): (4 ATP are produced, but phase 1 consumes 2 ATP, so there’s a net gain of just 2 ATP) 2 molecules of NADH (each NADH is worth 3 ATP in the ETC) ...
Unit 4 Cell Structure, Metabolism and the Nutrients that Support
... _____________________________ form as acetyl CoA units are blocked from entering TCA cycle _______________________________ from muscle protein breakdown and glycerol Metabolism during Starvation The body switches to ____________________________________________________ Blood glucose is ______________ ...
... _____________________________ form as acetyl CoA units are blocked from entering TCA cycle _______________________________ from muscle protein breakdown and glycerol Metabolism during Starvation The body switches to ____________________________________________________ Blood glucose is ______________ ...
Chapter 2
... Solid at room temperature Animal fats, butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats ...
... Solid at room temperature Animal fats, butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats ...
Who should get the Nobel prize Who are my all
... 3: Creationism:…oh god! Still there… 4: Abiogenesis: Biological life arises from inorganic matter through natural processes. What we will discuss today. ...
... 3: Creationism:…oh god! Still there… 4: Abiogenesis: Biological life arises from inorganic matter through natural processes. What we will discuss today. ...
The Genetic Code - Marengo Community Middle School
... Genetic code: the dictionary of molecular meaning • Universal: same code used by all organisms on earth • Triplet: 3 bases = one “word” • Unambiguous: each triplet has only one meaning • Degenerate: individual amino acids may be called for by more than one triplet (this is also referred to as redun ...
... Genetic code: the dictionary of molecular meaning • Universal: same code used by all organisms on earth • Triplet: 3 bases = one “word” • Unambiguous: each triplet has only one meaning • Degenerate: individual amino acids may be called for by more than one triplet (this is also referred to as redun ...
exam bullet points
... schemes at some stage. This handout shows the level of information you must give in your answers and what the examiners are looking for. As the number of AS exams completed increases I will add to the document making it a better resource to revise from. General You will in the exam get questions on ...
... schemes at some stage. This handout shows the level of information you must give in your answers and what the examiners are looking for. As the number of AS exams completed increases I will add to the document making it a better resource to revise from. General You will in the exam get questions on ...
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.