Chapter 9
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
Ca2+ Ions and the Output of Acetylcoenzyme A from Brain
... 5 mmol/1 sodium pyruvate, 1 mmol/1 sodium malate, 1 mmol/1 NAD+, 1.2 mmol/1 thiamine pyrophosphate, 0.1 mmol/1 CoA, 50 milliunits of ChAT per incubation vial, and additions as indicated. The incubation medium was saturated with 0 2 and the incubations were performed under an atmosphere of 0 2 ; they ...
... 5 mmol/1 sodium pyruvate, 1 mmol/1 sodium malate, 1 mmol/1 NAD+, 1.2 mmol/1 thiamine pyrophosphate, 0.1 mmol/1 CoA, 50 milliunits of ChAT per incubation vial, and additions as indicated. The incubation medium was saturated with 0 2 and the incubations were performed under an atmosphere of 0 2 ; they ...
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
... 3. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate for entry into metabolism need to be explored. Finally, the PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) will be discussed. This pathway serves three functions 1. It generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. 2. It generates ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... 29) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
... 29) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
Exercise Metabolism Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance
... In Summary Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached. The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold. Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain ...
... In Summary Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached. The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold. Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain ...
Selected Solutions to End of Chapter 13 Problems
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Ch13.doc
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
... 42) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
... 42) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH
... In a second study, the time course of PDH activation was examined during a series of 30-s maximal sprints on an isokinetic cycle ergometer at a power output of ~250 –300% of that required to elicit V̇O2max (7). Subjects cycled maximally at 100 rpm for 6, 15, or 30 s on 3 separate days with muscle bi ...
... In a second study, the time course of PDH activation was examined during a series of 30-s maximal sprints on an isokinetic cycle ergometer at a power output of ~250 –300% of that required to elicit V̇O2max (7). Subjects cycled maximally at 100 rpm for 6, 15, or 30 s on 3 separate days with muscle bi ...
Popeye knew what he was doing!
... • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is used to form acetylCoA in the matrix of the mitochondria. 3. Kreb’s cycle – Energy is stored in reducin ...
... • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is used to form acetylCoA in the matrix of the mitochondria. 3. Kreb’s cycle – Energy is stored in reducin ...
Clarification of the identity of the major M2
... A characteristic feature of the immunoblotting experiments in the work of Frostell et al. [21, 31] was that the mobility and antigenicity of the reactive polypeptide was markedly influenced by the method of preparing the antigen for SOSjPAGE. We have also found that the apparent mobility of POC E2 o ...
... A characteristic feature of the immunoblotting experiments in the work of Frostell et al. [21, 31] was that the mobility and antigenicity of the reactive polypeptide was markedly influenced by the method of preparing the antigen for SOSjPAGE. We have also found that the apparent mobility of POC E2 o ...
Instructions for use Title ENZYMOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
... In the former, we20) had found that the final product of glycolysis is different in fish and some marine molluscs. One could fully expect that there are different patterns of metabolism between fish and mollusc, for example, difference in levels of glycolytic activity, modification of glycolytic pat ...
... In the former, we20) had found that the final product of glycolysis is different in fish and some marine molluscs. One could fully expect that there are different patterns of metabolism between fish and mollusc, for example, difference in levels of glycolytic activity, modification of glycolytic pat ...
Energy for Cells
... mobile carriers (orange arrow). What happens to the hydrogen ions (H) carried by NADH and FADH2? The complexes use the energy released by oxidationreduction to pump H from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space located between the outer and inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The pum ...
... mobile carriers (orange arrow). What happens to the hydrogen ions (H) carried by NADH and FADH2? The complexes use the energy released by oxidationreduction to pump H from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space located between the outer and inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The pum ...
NAD Malic Enzyme and the Control of
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration
... compounds other than O2 Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins all consumed as fuel, however it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... compounds other than O2 Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins all consumed as fuel, however it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
Pyruvate Kinase - Wiley Online Library
... in the rat, has been reported from several laboratories [I--31. While most of the classifications have been based on electrophoretic evidence, a marked contrast in regulatory properties of the major component of pyruvate kinase activity in liver (“L”) with respect to the older known muscle enzyme (“ ...
... in the rat, has been reported from several laboratories [I--31. While most of the classifications have been based on electrophoretic evidence, a marked contrast in regulatory properties of the major component of pyruvate kinase activity in liver (“L”) with respect to the older known muscle enzyme (“ ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... lactate via lactic acid fermentation. When vigorously contracting skeletal muscle must function under lowoxygen conditions (hypoxia), NADH cannot be reoxidized to NAD, but NAD is required as an electron acceptor for the further oxidation of pyruvate. Under these conditions pyruvate is reduced to l ...
... lactate via lactic acid fermentation. When vigorously contracting skeletal muscle must function under lowoxygen conditions (hypoxia), NADH cannot be reoxidized to NAD, but NAD is required as an electron acceptor for the further oxidation of pyruvate. Under these conditions pyruvate is reduced to l ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... Part of NAD and NADH is nicotinamide, formed from nicotinic acid. “Nicotinic“ sounds like something coming from cigarettes, but smoking does not give it to us. Grains have a high content of nicotinic acid. We also get it from meat, but the animals we eat in turn got it from plants. Another names for ...
... Part of NAD and NADH is nicotinamide, formed from nicotinic acid. “Nicotinic“ sounds like something coming from cigarettes, but smoking does not give it to us. Grains have a high content of nicotinic acid. We also get it from meat, but the animals we eat in turn got it from plants. Another names for ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... of ATP in stage 1. Going backward in the pathway one step to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, we find the outcomes of the reactions catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase to be as follows: 1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an aldehyde, is oxidized to 3-phosphoglyce ...
... of ATP in stage 1. Going backward in the pathway one step to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, we find the outcomes of the reactions catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase to be as follows: 1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an aldehyde, is oxidized to 3-phosphoglyce ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
... tase (ACS) have been compared in extracts of plastids isolated from spinach leaves and from both green and etiolated pea seedlings. A ll plastid preparations were shown to be capable of synthesizing acetyl-CoA, not only via acetyl-CoA synthetase, but also via the pyruvate dehydroge nase complex, th ...
Energy Metabolism of the Brain, Including the Cooperation between
... 1. Introduction In most human tissues, glycogen is the stored form of glucose and performs various functions depending on the location in the body. At low blood glucose levels, the glycogen stored in the liver is metabolized into glucose that is subsequently released into systemic circulation; in th ...
... 1. Introduction In most human tissues, glycogen is the stored form of glucose and performs various functions depending on the location in the body. At low blood glucose levels, the glycogen stored in the liver is metabolized into glucose that is subsequently released into systemic circulation; in th ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.