What is respiration?
... Respiration of glucose can be described in four stages: • Glycolysis – this happens in the cytoplasm of all cells. It is an ancient biochemical pathway. It doesn’t need oxygen and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. During glycolysis, glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is broken down to two ...
... Respiration of glucose can be described in four stages: • Glycolysis – this happens in the cytoplasm of all cells. It is an ancient biochemical pathway. It doesn’t need oxygen and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. During glycolysis, glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is broken down to two ...
Condon, Nicole.
... Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity were measured in 14 species of benthic and benthopelagic chondricthyan fishes over an extensive depth range (~90 – 2200m). These were combined with previously published elasmobranch data making this the first metabolic study to represen ...
... Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity were measured in 14 species of benthic and benthopelagic chondricthyan fishes over an extensive depth range (~90 – 2200m). These were combined with previously published elasmobranch data making this the first metabolic study to represen ...
MEDICAGO SATIVA ISOPROTERENOL INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS Research Article
... beneficial effects of many drugs and cardiac function since it mimics the clinical conditions of myocardial infarction due to ischemia in humans [18]. Lipids play an important role in cardiovascular disease, not only by way of hyperlipidemia and the development of atherosclerosis, but also by modify ...
... beneficial effects of many drugs and cardiac function since it mimics the clinical conditions of myocardial infarction due to ischemia in humans [18]. Lipids play an important role in cardiovascular disease, not only by way of hyperlipidemia and the development of atherosclerosis, but also by modify ...
NVC Bio 120 lect 9 cell respiration
... Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
NADH - Cloudfront.net
... • Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transp ...
... • Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transp ...
The Effect of Disulphides on Mitochondrial Oxidations
... diacetylcystamine was prepared as described by Eldjarn, legend to Table 4. With all additions present this medium Pihl & Sverdrup (1956). All other chemical products used was identical with the preincubation medium of the Warburg experiments. were commercial products of high purity. Spectrophotometr ...
... diacetylcystamine was prepared as described by Eldjarn, legend to Table 4. With all additions present this medium Pihl & Sverdrup (1956). All other chemical products used was identical with the preincubation medium of the Warburg experiments. were commercial products of high purity. Spectrophotometr ...
type b lactic acidosis in solid malignancies
... enzymes. HIF activation not only stimulates glycolysis but also actively attenuates mitochondrial respiration, making HIF a key regulator of cancer cell metabolism.28 HIF leads to overexpression or aberrant expression of mitochondrially bound glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase. Hexokinase is the ...
... enzymes. HIF activation not only stimulates glycolysis but also actively attenuates mitochondrial respiration, making HIF a key regulator of cancer cell metabolism.28 HIF leads to overexpression or aberrant expression of mitochondrially bound glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase. Hexokinase is the ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... magnetic stirrer. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 6.5 M-HCI prior to inoculation and the medium was reduced by the addition of 25 ml titanium/nitrilotriacetic acid solution (Moench & Zeikus, 1983). The cells were harvested during mid-exponential phase by centrifugation using a Sharp ...
... magnetic stirrer. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 6.5 M-HCI prior to inoculation and the medium was reduced by the addition of 25 ml titanium/nitrilotriacetic acid solution (Moench & Zeikus, 1983). The cells were harvested during mid-exponential phase by centrifugation using a Sharp ...
Regulation of thiamine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for
... is to produce maximum amounts of other carboxylic acids, a high pyruvate titre (cytosolic pyruvate pool) is required. However, S. cerevisiae can accumulate only very small amounts of pyruvate naturally. In yeasts, pyruvate is located at the branch-point between respiratory dissimilation of sugars an ...
... is to produce maximum amounts of other carboxylic acids, a high pyruvate titre (cytosolic pyruvate pool) is required. However, S. cerevisiae can accumulate only very small amounts of pyruvate naturally. In yeasts, pyruvate is located at the branch-point between respiratory dissimilation of sugars an ...
as a PDF
... Citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7). The reduction of DTNB [5,5'-dithiobis(2nitrobenzoic acid)] by free coenzyme A was monitored at 412 nm. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.5 mmol P 1 oxaloacetic acid, 0.25 mmol P 1 DTNB, ( U m m o i r 1 acetyl-CoA, 75 mmol r 1 Tris-HCl, pH7.8 at 25°C. Reactions we ...
... Citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7). The reduction of DTNB [5,5'-dithiobis(2nitrobenzoic acid)] by free coenzyme A was monitored at 412 nm. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.5 mmol P 1 oxaloacetic acid, 0.25 mmol P 1 DTNB, ( U m m o i r 1 acetyl-CoA, 75 mmol r 1 Tris-HCl, pH7.8 at 25°C. Reactions we ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
... production and decrease NADH levels as increased pyruvate is converted to lactate. Moreover, increased FBP levels would also stimulate TCA cycle flux and perhaps slow glycolysis. Previous studies have shown that glucose consumption rate is saturated at 0.29 mM but that a further 10% increase is obta ...
... production and decrease NADH levels as increased pyruvate is converted to lactate. Moreover, increased FBP levels would also stimulate TCA cycle flux and perhaps slow glycolysis. Previous studies have shown that glucose consumption rate is saturated at 0.29 mM but that a further 10% increase is obta ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... gluconeogensis. Another important reason for inactivating the PDC is to promote the usage of fatty acids as their primary energy source in many tissues as possible. This in turn conserves body protein because amino acids are not oxidized for energy and less amino acid carbon has ...
... gluconeogensis. Another important reason for inactivating the PDC is to promote the usage of fatty acids as their primary energy source in many tissues as possible. This in turn conserves body protein because amino acids are not oxidized for energy and less amino acid carbon has ...
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by
... enzyme only, and not by the substrate available, the two substrates must be present in excess. The amount of this excess may be limited by substrate inhibition or considerations such as reagent solubihity. However, the fraction of substrate converted to product is small enough over the time of the a ...
... enzyme only, and not by the substrate available, the two substrates must be present in excess. The amount of this excess may be limited by substrate inhibition or considerations such as reagent solubihity. However, the fraction of substrate converted to product is small enough over the time of the a ...
Metabolomics - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
... 714 Circ Cardiovasc Genet October 2014 energy production. Accordingly, during hypoxia, anaerobic regeneration of NAD+ continues to occur, in part, through reoxidation of NADH by lactate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes electron transfer to pyruvate, rather than O2, to yield lactate. As oxidative ph ...
... 714 Circ Cardiovasc Genet October 2014 energy production. Accordingly, during hypoxia, anaerobic regeneration of NAD+ continues to occur, in part, through reoxidation of NADH by lactate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes electron transfer to pyruvate, rather than O2, to yield lactate. As oxidative ph ...
Mitochondrial b
... for fatty acid synthesis and has been called the signal of plenty. In order that fatty acid oxidation does not occur simultaneously with synthesis, malonyl-CoA is a physiological inhibitor of CPTI, and thus of fatty acid entry to the mitochondria for b-oxidation. CPTI has been shown to be rate-con ...
... for fatty acid synthesis and has been called the signal of plenty. In order that fatty acid oxidation does not occur simultaneously with synthesis, malonyl-CoA is a physiological inhibitor of CPTI, and thus of fatty acid entry to the mitochondria for b-oxidation. CPTI has been shown to be rate-con ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Thiamine must be added to the defined media of T. glabrata WSH-IP303, as maintaining the activity of PDH complex is essential for the strain to grow aerobically (Liu et al. 2004). However, the presence of thiamine activated PDC as well, and, as a consequence, ethanol was produced as a by-product. Th ...
... Thiamine must be added to the defined media of T. glabrata WSH-IP303, as maintaining the activity of PDH complex is essential for the strain to grow aerobically (Liu et al. 2004). However, the presence of thiamine activated PDC as well, and, as a consequence, ethanol was produced as a by-product. Th ...
Carbon Flow of Heliobacteria Is Related More to Clostridia than to
... contrast, the growth of H. modesticaldum on pyruvate was similar with FAc versus without FAc (Fig. 2B). It is known that FAc, an acetate analog, can be taken up by H. modesticaldum and converted into F-acetyl-CoA, because the acsA gene, encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), has been annotated and th ...
... contrast, the growth of H. modesticaldum on pyruvate was similar with FAc versus without FAc (Fig. 2B). It is known that FAc, an acetate analog, can be taken up by H. modesticaldum and converted into F-acetyl-CoA, because the acsA gene, encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), has been annotated and th ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
Owens et al., 1998, Acidosis in cattle: a review.
... replicate. Free fatty acids and detergents reduce protozoal numbers, as well, and a low pH may cause defaunation. However, in addition to stabilizing normal fermentation, protozoal presence in the rumen can be deleterious. Because they have much higher amylase activity per unit of protein than bacte ...
... replicate. Free fatty acids and detergents reduce protozoal numbers, as well, and a low pH may cause defaunation. However, in addition to stabilizing normal fermentation, protozoal presence in the rumen can be deleterious. Because they have much higher amylase activity per unit of protein than bacte ...
October 24 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ E) an agent that blocks the p ...
... A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ E) an agent that blocks the p ...
Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Cellular Respiration
... Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. ...
... Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... Aperghis (1 98 l), Cha (1 969), Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges ( 1 982), Frenkel(1972), Tokunaga er al. (1976) and Dixon & Kornberg (1962). Fumarase was assayed by following 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoic acid production in MET-8.0 adjusted to pH 8.6, 0.5 mM-NAD', 0.2 mMacetyl-CoA, 0 1 m~-5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitro ...
... Aperghis (1 98 l), Cha (1 969), Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges ( 1 982), Frenkel(1972), Tokunaga er al. (1976) and Dixon & Kornberg (1962). Fumarase was assayed by following 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoic acid production in MET-8.0 adjusted to pH 8.6, 0.5 mM-NAD', 0.2 mMacetyl-CoA, 0 1 m~-5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitro ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
Some Structural and Kinetic Aspects of L
... sigmoidal kinetics toward the substrate PEP. This means that this substrate is at the same time homotropic cooperativity effector (Munoz & Ponce, 2003; Gunasekaran et al., 2004; Koshland & Hamadani, 2002; Ainslie et al., 1972). Cooperativity of L type PK towards PEP depends additionally on phosphory ...
... sigmoidal kinetics toward the substrate PEP. This means that this substrate is at the same time homotropic cooperativity effector (Munoz & Ponce, 2003; Gunasekaran et al., 2004; Koshland & Hamadani, 2002; Ainslie et al., 1972). Cooperativity of L type PK towards PEP depends additionally on phosphory ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.