2. Citric acid cycle
... • brewing & baking • lactic acid • pyruvate in • lactate out • muscle fatigue ...
... • brewing & baking • lactic acid • pyruvate in • lactate out • muscle fatigue ...
video slide
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Cellular respiration
... • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
슬라이드 1
... to insulin (fig 12.6) • Glucose intolerance: caused by resistance of the tissues to the effects of insulin • If insulin sensitivity increased in one or more skeletal muscles, the increased entry of glucose into the body after a meal could achieved in the absence of a marked change of the blood insul ...
... to insulin (fig 12.6) • Glucose intolerance: caused by resistance of the tissues to the effects of insulin • If insulin sensitivity increased in one or more skeletal muscles, the increased entry of glucose into the body after a meal could achieved in the absence of a marked change of the blood insul ...
video slide - Somerset Area School District
... • Overall, glycolysis has used 2 ATP in the energy investment phase (steps 1 and 3) and produced 4 ATP in the energy payoff phase (steps 7 and 10), for a net gain of 2 ATP. • Additional energy was stored in 2NADH ( step 6), which can be used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation if oxygen is pres ...
... • Overall, glycolysis has used 2 ATP in the energy investment phase (steps 1 and 3) and produced 4 ATP in the energy payoff phase (steps 7 and 10), for a net gain of 2 ATP. • Additional energy was stored in 2NADH ( step 6), which can be used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation if oxygen is pres ...
Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Hypoxia and Iron
... were 33% higher in hypoxic (H) mice fed the FeA diet (H-FeA) compared with normoxic (N) mice fed the same diet (N-FeA). Hypoxic mice fed the FeD (H-FeD) became anemic, as indicated by reduced hemoglobin relative to that of N-FeA and H-FeA mice (Fig. 2A). Total liver iron concentrations trended to be ...
... were 33% higher in hypoxic (H) mice fed the FeA diet (H-FeA) compared with normoxic (N) mice fed the same diet (N-FeA). Hypoxic mice fed the FeD (H-FeD) became anemic, as indicated by reduced hemoglobin relative to that of N-FeA and H-FeA mice (Fig. 2A). Total liver iron concentrations trended to be ...
Energy metabolism in the mantle muscle of the squid
... adenylates, and free amino acids were determined in the mantle muscle of the squid, Loligo pealeii, at rest and after 10 s of vigorous swimming. 2. Exercise resulted in significant increases in the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-l,6-diphosphate, and pyruvate. Phosphofructokinase and pyruvat ...
... adenylates, and free amino acids were determined in the mantle muscle of the squid, Loligo pealeii, at rest and after 10 s of vigorous swimming. 2. Exercise resulted in significant increases in the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-l,6-diphosphate, and pyruvate. Phosphofructokinase and pyruvat ...
Chapter 9 powerpoint - Red Hook Central Schools
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
It has been shown in several studies that L
... The results of this study suggested that short-term arginine supplementation had no effect on NO production, lactate and ammonia metabolism, and performance in intermittent anaerobic exercise in well-trained male judo athletes. Our results showed that the performance in each set of the intermittent ...
... The results of this study suggested that short-term arginine supplementation had no effect on NO production, lactate and ammonia metabolism, and performance in intermittent anaerobic exercise in well-trained male judo athletes. Our results showed that the performance in each set of the intermittent ...
Manipulating redox and ATP balancing for improved production of
... et al., 2002a). An additional mutation in the ptsG restores fermentative growth on glucose in complex media. This strain produces succinate, acetate and ethanol in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:0.5. It is thought that pyruvate dehydrogenase complex maintains a low level of activity under laboratory anaerob ...
... et al., 2002a). An additional mutation in the ptsG restores fermentative growth on glucose in complex media. This strain produces succinate, acetate and ethanol in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:0.5. It is thought that pyruvate dehydrogenase complex maintains a low level of activity under laboratory anaerob ...
It has been shown in several studies that L
... through increasing NO production [1]. The vasodilation effect of arginine has been shown in both central and peripheral circulation. Oral arginine supplementation could improve coronary endothelial function in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease [2]. Arginine given orally or intrave ...
... through increasing NO production [1]. The vasodilation effect of arginine has been shown in both central and peripheral circulation. Oral arginine supplementation could improve coronary endothelial function in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease [2]. Arginine given orally or intrave ...
NADH by James South
... the ATP bioenergy that runs every biological process of our lives is formed. NADH its vital chemical role As already noted, NAD(H) is the coenzyme or active form of vitamin B3. The chemistry of NAD(H) is some of the most complex in the human body. NAD(H) is necessary to oxidize (burn) all foodstuffs ...
... the ATP bioenergy that runs every biological process of our lives is formed. NADH its vital chemical role As already noted, NAD(H) is the coenzyme or active form of vitamin B3. The chemistry of NAD(H) is some of the most complex in the human body. NAD(H) is necessary to oxidize (burn) all foodstuffs ...
Metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli cultivated under anaerobic
... GAPDH. The high glycolytic flux of pflA and pta mutants results in a high intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants ...
... GAPDH. The high glycolytic flux of pflA and pta mutants results in a high intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, and subsequently lactate is produced to regenerate NAD+ so that the glycolysis continues to work [18]. The lactate producing flux in the ppc mutant is lower than those of the pflA and pta mutants ...
Cytochromes in Streptococcus faecalis var
... collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Cornell University. The partially defined medium of O'Kane & Gunsalus (1948) was used with various concentrations of substrates, and included/l : roo mg cysteine, 0.02 mg lipoic acid and 0.5 g sodium acetate. Enzymically hydrolysed casein was substituted ...
... collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Cornell University. The partially defined medium of O'Kane & Gunsalus (1948) was used with various concentrations of substrates, and included/l : roo mg cysteine, 0.02 mg lipoic acid and 0.5 g sodium acetate. Enzymically hydrolysed casein was substituted ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Four
... because they accelerate reactions, but also because they can be regulated, i.e., they can be turned on or off, thus allowing for the reaction rate to be controlled. Enzymes also control the type of reaction which is occurring so that one reaction may not be allowed to occur without another simultane ...
... because they accelerate reactions, but also because they can be regulated, i.e., they can be turned on or off, thus allowing for the reaction rate to be controlled. Enzymes also control the type of reaction which is occurring so that one reaction may not be allowed to occur without another simultane ...
The Proton-Motive Force Overview Compartmentalization
... • Citric Acid Cycle = 20 ATP • Total: about 30 ATP/glucose ...
... • Citric Acid Cycle = 20 ATP • Total: about 30 ATP/glucose ...
Fatigue During Muscular Exercise
... • Free energy of ATP declines 14% in physiological pH range - Fig 2-7 – also depends on ATP/ADP ratio – consequence-less energy available for work with given VO2 flux – fatigue also influences ATP binding in X-bridge cycle ...
... • Free energy of ATP declines 14% in physiological pH range - Fig 2-7 – also depends on ATP/ADP ratio – consequence-less energy available for work with given VO2 flux – fatigue also influences ATP binding in X-bridge cycle ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... third step where we have electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation that leads to the production of ATP. So these are actually the three stages of cellular respiration and if we consider the catabolic pathways of all the break down whether it is amino acids or fatty acids or glucose they ultim ...
... third step where we have electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation that leads to the production of ATP. So these are actually the three stages of cellular respiration and if we consider the catabolic pathways of all the break down whether it is amino acids or fatty acids or glucose they ultim ...
Transamination and Reductive Amination
... NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium (Keq is often close to 1), which means that either complex mixtures result that are often laborious to separate, or extra measures are required to shift the equilibrium c ...
... NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium (Keq is often close to 1), which means that either complex mixtures result that are often laborious to separate, or extra measures are required to shift the equilibrium c ...
Amino Acid Degradation
... First leucine is transaminatedby branched amino acid aminotransferase to form α-ketoisocaproate which is then oxidatively decarboxylated to form isovaleryl CoA by the branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex we just discussed. In the next step isovaleryl CoA is dehydrogenated to form βmethylc ...
... First leucine is transaminatedby branched amino acid aminotransferase to form α-ketoisocaproate which is then oxidatively decarboxylated to form isovaleryl CoA by the branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex we just discussed. In the next step isovaleryl CoA is dehydrogenated to form βmethylc ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
Enzymes
... The measurement of enzyme activity in body fluids (plasma, serum) has become an important tool in medical diagnosis. Under normal conditions the concentrations of enzymes is low in blood. An abnormally high level of a particular enzyme in the blood often indicates specific tissue damage (hepatitis, ...
... The measurement of enzyme activity in body fluids (plasma, serum) has become an important tool in medical diagnosis. Under normal conditions the concentrations of enzymes is low in blood. An abnormally high level of a particular enzyme in the blood often indicates specific tissue damage (hepatitis, ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.