Chapter 16
... of the liver and the muscles hydrated with three or four parts of water. Glycogen functions as the secondary long-term energy storage, with the primary energy stores being fats held in adipose tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells, and liver glycogen converts to glucose f ...
... of the liver and the muscles hydrated with three or four parts of water. Glycogen functions as the secondary long-term energy storage, with the primary energy stores being fats held in adipose tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells, and liver glycogen converts to glucose f ...
Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via
... is associated with a higher incidence of the symptoms of syndrome X than is lower body obesity (4, 22, 32, 49). This is primarily related to the amount of visceral fat rather than to the amount of subcutaneous fat (2–4). Visceral adipose tissue has metabolic characteristics that are unique in compar ...
... is associated with a higher incidence of the symptoms of syndrome X than is lower body obesity (4, 22, 32, 49). This is primarily related to the amount of visceral fat rather than to the amount of subcutaneous fat (2–4). Visceral adipose tissue has metabolic characteristics that are unique in compar ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... Insulin turns off. Glucagon turns on. Acetyl-CoA turns on. Phosphorylation turns on in liver. Glucose signals turn off. (Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.) Low-glucose signals activate. High-energy signals activate. Low-energy signals inhibit. ...
... Insulin turns off. Glucagon turns on. Acetyl-CoA turns on. Phosphorylation turns on in liver. Glucose signals turn off. (Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.) Low-glucose signals activate. High-energy signals activate. Low-energy signals inhibit. ...
On the basis of animal function
... When you are editing your notes, either from lectures or from your textbook, it is important to have a “PLAN” that tells you where are you going with your editing. A good suggestion for this plan is to develop a set of QUESTIONS that you think each lecture was attempting to answer. List all possible ...
... When you are editing your notes, either from lectures or from your textbook, it is important to have a “PLAN” that tells you where are you going with your editing. A good suggestion for this plan is to develop a set of QUESTIONS that you think each lecture was attempting to answer. List all possible ...
Medical Physiology
... Average = 1.5-1.6 microgram/L in adults Peak = 15 microgram/L Found on chromosome 17 3 variants 20 kDa 22.5 kDa = major variant 45 kDa = combination of two 22.5 kDa segments Derivations of GH Placental Variant GH (PVGH) Same functions as GH Synthesized in placenta Function during fetal period Placen ...
... Average = 1.5-1.6 microgram/L in adults Peak = 15 microgram/L Found on chromosome 17 3 variants 20 kDa 22.5 kDa = major variant 45 kDa = combination of two 22.5 kDa segments Derivations of GH Placental Variant GH (PVGH) Same functions as GH Synthesized in placenta Function during fetal period Placen ...
Regulation of the Intermediate Filament Protein Nestin at Rodent
... the time of the terminal experiment, the twitch response to nerve stimulation was noted. In rat soleus muscles, this twitch was absent and the muscle was considered effectively blocked. In mouse sternomastoid muscles, two treated muscles connected to tension transducers yielded 2 and 6% of the tetan ...
... the time of the terminal experiment, the twitch response to nerve stimulation was noted. In rat soleus muscles, this twitch was absent and the muscle was considered effectively blocked. In mouse sternomastoid muscles, two treated muscles connected to tension transducers yielded 2 and 6% of the tetan ...
Lactic Acidosis
... importantly, ATP, the primary cellular energy source. Under anaerobic conditions, or when the metabolic demands of the cells exceed the oxygen delivery capacity of the body, pyruvate is unable to enter the Krebs cycle to produce ATP for cellular energy. Instead it is converted to lactic acid, by whi ...
... importantly, ATP, the primary cellular energy source. Under anaerobic conditions, or when the metabolic demands of the cells exceed the oxygen delivery capacity of the body, pyruvate is unable to enter the Krebs cycle to produce ATP for cellular energy. Instead it is converted to lactic acid, by whi ...
Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis
... 1974) or isolated rat muscle preparations (Odessey et al., 1974; Garber et al., 1976a) have shown that the relative proportions of the amino acids released by muscle do not correspond to the fractional amino acid composition of muscle proteins. The striking feature is that alanine and glutamine toge ...
... 1974) or isolated rat muscle preparations (Odessey et al., 1974; Garber et al., 1976a) have shown that the relative proportions of the amino acids released by muscle do not correspond to the fractional amino acid composition of muscle proteins. The striking feature is that alanine and glutamine toge ...
Effects of Free Fatty Acid Elevation on Postabsorptive
... type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might play a pivotal role in the early events leading to insulin resistance (4,5). Plasma FFA elevatio ...
... type 2 diabetes (2). The close correlation between whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might play a pivotal role in the early events leading to insulin resistance (4,5). Plasma FFA elevatio ...
Modeled Osteopathic Manipulative Treatments: A Review of Their in
... NO levels were increased in strained cells at 10% for 48 ...
... NO levels were increased in strained cells at 10% for 48 ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... after a meal), and recovers glucose from the stored glycogen and releases it into the blood when blood glucose is low (e.g., during fasting). The high Km and inducibility of glucokinase allows the liver to store glucose as glycogen only when blood glucose levels are high, conserving glucose for othe ...
... after a meal), and recovers glucose from the stored glycogen and releases it into the blood when blood glucose is low (e.g., during fasting). The high Km and inducibility of glucokinase allows the liver to store glucose as glycogen only when blood glucose levels are high, conserving glucose for othe ...
Full-Text PDF
... B, which inhibits insulin signaling by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF)-κB to enhance tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion, leading to NAFLD [38]. Activation of a series of kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC)-θ, IκB kinase-β (IKK-β), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and S6-kinase may pla ...
... B, which inhibits insulin signaling by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF)-κB to enhance tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion, leading to NAFLD [38]. Activation of a series of kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC)-θ, IκB kinase-β (IKK-β), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and S6-kinase may pla ...
Hao Shi1*, Florian Gatzke2, Julia M. Molle
... of myofibers with greater than 2 or more nuclei were significantly reduced in regenerating MKP1/5-DKO mice as compared with skeletal muscle from wild type mice (Figure 1I-J). These results demonstrate that an MKP1/5-DKO mouse are impaired in their ability to undergo regenerative myogenesis and sugge ...
... of myofibers with greater than 2 or more nuclei were significantly reduced in regenerating MKP1/5-DKO mice as compared with skeletal muscle from wild type mice (Figure 1I-J). These results demonstrate that an MKP1/5-DKO mouse are impaired in their ability to undergo regenerative myogenesis and sugge ...
Hao Shisup>1*sup>, Florian Gatzkesup>2sup>, Julia M. Molle
... myofibers as compared with wild type injured mice (Figure 1G). In addition, both myofiber crosssectional area and the number of myofibers with greater than 2 or more nuclei were significantly reduced in regenerating MKP1/5-DKO mice as compared with skeletal muscle from wild type mice (Figure 1I-J). ...
... myofibers as compared with wild type injured mice (Figure 1G). In addition, both myofiber crosssectional area and the number of myofibers with greater than 2 or more nuclei were significantly reduced in regenerating MKP1/5-DKO mice as compared with skeletal muscle from wild type mice (Figure 1I-J). ...
Hepatotoxicity Induced by Arsenic Trioxide in Adult Mice and Their
... units/mg of protein. CAT activity was assayed by the method of [22]. Enzymatic reaction was initiated by adding an aliquot of 20 µl of the homogenized tissue and the substrate (H2O2) to a concentration of 0.5 M in a medium containing 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Changes in absorbance were recor ...
... units/mg of protein. CAT activity was assayed by the method of [22]. Enzymatic reaction was initiated by adding an aliquot of 20 µl of the homogenized tissue and the substrate (H2O2) to a concentration of 0.5 M in a medium containing 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Changes in absorbance were recor ...
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase
... ALT is found in large amounts in the liver, and small amounts of this enzyme are also found in the heart, muscle, and kidney. When the liver is injured or inflamed, the levels of ALT in the blood usually rise; therefore, this test is performed to check for signs of liver disease. AST is found in man ...
... ALT is found in large amounts in the liver, and small amounts of this enzyme are also found in the heart, muscle, and kidney. When the liver is injured or inflamed, the levels of ALT in the blood usually rise; therefore, this test is performed to check for signs of liver disease. AST is found in man ...
Development, structure, and maintenance of C
... attachment components (e.g., PAT-3 (β-integrin) and UNC-89 (obscurin)), there is no sarcomere assembly. The authors suggest that since the conversion to muscle fate abolishes other tissue fates, sarcomere assembly might require the presence of other tissues (e.g., the hypodermis) (Fukushige and Krau ...
... attachment components (e.g., PAT-3 (β-integrin) and UNC-89 (obscurin)), there is no sarcomere assembly. The authors suggest that since the conversion to muscle fate abolishes other tissue fates, sarcomere assembly might require the presence of other tissues (e.g., the hypodermis) (Fukushige and Krau ...
Lec6 Fatty acid oxid..
... Liver in fasting state: liver can use the following sources of energy: 1- Free fatty acids (from adipose tissue) is oxidized to produce energy 2- Glycerol (from adipose tissue), amino acids (from degradation of muscle protein), and lactate (from muscles), all are used as substrates of gluconeogenes ...
... Liver in fasting state: liver can use the following sources of energy: 1- Free fatty acids (from adipose tissue) is oxidized to produce energy 2- Glycerol (from adipose tissue), amino acids (from degradation of muscle protein), and lactate (from muscles), all are used as substrates of gluconeogenes ...
Content Display : Unit 2 - Energy Metabolism : Lesson 1
... kcal. In other words, when the body needs a lot of muscle tissue to generate ATP as fast as possible, the CK reaction can transfer energy from CP to ADP at the equivalent rate of about 1 kcal/sec. But the muscles have a total equivalent of only 10-15 kcal of CP stored in them. So, the CK reaction co ...
... kcal. In other words, when the body needs a lot of muscle tissue to generate ATP as fast as possible, the CK reaction can transfer energy from CP to ADP at the equivalent rate of about 1 kcal/sec. But the muscles have a total equivalent of only 10-15 kcal of CP stored in them. So, the CK reaction co ...
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
... Proteins are important structural materials of the body, including, for example, keratin in skin, collagen and elastin in connective tissues, and muscle proteins. In addition, functional proteins such as enzymes and some hormones regulate an incredible variety of body functions. Whether amino acids ...
... Proteins are important structural materials of the body, including, for example, keratin in skin, collagen and elastin in connective tissues, and muscle proteins. In addition, functional proteins such as enzymes and some hormones regulate an incredible variety of body functions. Whether amino acids ...
CH 3
... transport in blood, and readily taken up by non-hepatic tissues In the early stages of fasting, the use of ketone bodies by heart, skeletal muscle conserves glucose for support of central nervous system. With more prolonged starvation, brain can take up more ketone bodies to spare glucose consumptio ...
... transport in blood, and readily taken up by non-hepatic tissues In the early stages of fasting, the use of ketone bodies by heart, skeletal muscle conserves glucose for support of central nervous system. With more prolonged starvation, brain can take up more ketone bodies to spare glucose consumptio ...
1 oxidative capacity distribution in skeletal muscle fibers of the rat
... higher mitochondrial volume densities than the largely glycolytic FG fibers. Furthermore, the distribution of mitochondria is heterogeneous in oxidative fibers (SO and FOG), with mitochondrial volume density being higher in areas close to the membrane than in the core of the fibers. In contrast, in ...
... higher mitochondrial volume densities than the largely glycolytic FG fibers. Furthermore, the distribution of mitochondria is heterogeneous in oxidative fibers (SO and FOG), with mitochondrial volume density being higher in areas close to the membrane than in the core of the fibers. In contrast, in ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... hepatic glucose production and the associated reduction in glucose uptake from the liver and other peripheral tissues are the major driving forces leading to hyperglycemia. Paradoxically, high hepatic levels of SREBP-1c mRNA expression and nuclear accumulation have been observed in type 2 diabetic m ...
... hepatic glucose production and the associated reduction in glucose uptake from the liver and other peripheral tissues are the major driving forces leading to hyperglycemia. Paradoxically, high hepatic levels of SREBP-1c mRNA expression and nuclear accumulation have been observed in type 2 diabetic m ...
MedBiochem Exam 2, 1998
... A. are absorbed intact in the small intestine and are transported in the thoracic duct to blood as chylomicrons. B. are not utilized in man because of a lack of pancreatic lipase specific for medium-chain triacylglycerols. C. are absorbed intact in the small intestine and are transported in the port ...
... A. are absorbed intact in the small intestine and are transported in the thoracic duct to blood as chylomicrons. B. are not utilized in man because of a lack of pancreatic lipase specific for medium-chain triacylglycerols. C. are absorbed intact in the small intestine and are transported in the port ...