AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the
... is low, and decreasing fatty acid oxidation when ATP supply is high. The modulation of fatty acid metabolism occurs by potential phosphorylation of two key enzymes involved in the control of malonyl-CoA levels: ACC and MCD. Cardiac ACC phosphorylation by AMPK appears to involve the regulation of fat ...
... is low, and decreasing fatty acid oxidation when ATP supply is high. The modulation of fatty acid metabolism occurs by potential phosphorylation of two key enzymes involved in the control of malonyl-CoA levels: ACC and MCD. Cardiac ACC phosphorylation by AMPK appears to involve the regulation of fat ...
Lecture 7- 24 October 2013 Vitamins in metabolism and regulation
... Definition of vitamins-organic essential nutrients required in tiny amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction and maintenance of health and life. -vita = life -amine = containing nitrogen (first vitamins discovered contained nitrogen) ...
... Definition of vitamins-organic essential nutrients required in tiny amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction and maintenance of health and life. -vita = life -amine = containing nitrogen (first vitamins discovered contained nitrogen) ...
Chem 356 Structure and Function in Biochemistry
... oxygen were present, pyruvate would be oxidized to acetyl-CoA and then to CO2 and H2O. Some of the acetyl-CoA, however, would also be hydrolyzed to acetic acid (vinegar) in the presence of oxygen. Also, acetaldehyde could be oxidized to acetic acid in the presence of O2. ...
... oxygen were present, pyruvate would be oxidized to acetyl-CoA and then to CO2 and H2O. Some of the acetyl-CoA, however, would also be hydrolyzed to acetic acid (vinegar) in the presence of oxygen. Also, acetaldehyde could be oxidized to acetic acid in the presence of O2. ...
Metabolic pathways in Anopheles stephensi mitochondria
... oxidize carnitine esters of non-esterified fatty acids (but not nonesterified fatty acids), (iii) their concentrations of endogenous substrates, and (iv) the ratios of the substrates utilized (Table 2). On the basis of our results, ASE cell mitochondria were more similar to locust muscle mitochondri ...
... oxidize carnitine esters of non-esterified fatty acids (but not nonesterified fatty acids), (iii) their concentrations of endogenous substrates, and (iv) the ratios of the substrates utilized (Table 2). On the basis of our results, ASE cell mitochondria were more similar to locust muscle mitochondri ...
Metabolism of BCAAs
... allows BCAAs to be an ideal reserve for both carbon skeletons and nitrogen for glutamate synthesis. However, this near equilibrium status also means that for the reaction to proceed, rather than cycle between BCAAs and BCKAs, BCKAs must be eliminated. This can occur via simple removal from the cell ...
... allows BCAAs to be an ideal reserve for both carbon skeletons and nitrogen for glutamate synthesis. However, this near equilibrium status also means that for the reaction to proceed, rather than cycle between BCAAs and BCKAs, BCKAs must be eliminated. This can occur via simple removal from the cell ...
103 Lecture Ch23b
... pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) • For aerobic organisms, when oxygen is scarce, and for some anaerobic organisms, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate • For some anaerobic organisms (like yeast), the pyruvate is fermented to ethanol ...
... pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) • For aerobic organisms, when oxygen is scarce, and for some anaerobic organisms, the pyruvate is reduced to lactate • For some anaerobic organisms (like yeast), the pyruvate is fermented to ethanol ...
Gluconeogenesis • The biosynthesis of glucose
... Glu-6-P enters glycolysis ___________ the hexokinase step. Since we produced Glu-6-P without using an ATP, but Glu-6-P produced by hexokinase uses an ATP, we have a higher NET ATP yield. Glycolysis NET is ___ ATP (instead of the normal ___ NET ATP) (and still have 2 NADH) Glycogen phosphorylase deri ...
... Glu-6-P enters glycolysis ___________ the hexokinase step. Since we produced Glu-6-P without using an ATP, but Glu-6-P produced by hexokinase uses an ATP, we have a higher NET ATP yield. Glycolysis NET is ___ ATP (instead of the normal ___ NET ATP) (and still have 2 NADH) Glycogen phosphorylase deri ...
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
... As previously explained (14), the pK’ of an acid functional group refers to the pH at which half of the acid molecules are deprotonated (ionized). In other words, this is the pH when there is a dynamic equilibrium between the protons that leave and re-attach to the acid functional group of the molec ...
... As previously explained (14), the pK’ of an acid functional group refers to the pH at which half of the acid molecules are deprotonated (ionized). In other words, this is the pH when there is a dynamic equilibrium between the protons that leave and re-attach to the acid functional group of the molec ...
blood acid-base buffering - American Society of Exercise Physiologists
... As previously explained (14), the pK’ of an acid functional group refers to the pH at which half of the acid molecules are deprotonated (ionized). In other words, this is the pH when there is a dynamic equilibrium between the protons that leave and re-attach to the acid functional group of the molec ...
... As previously explained (14), the pK’ of an acid functional group refers to the pH at which half of the acid molecules are deprotonated (ionized). In other words, this is the pH when there is a dynamic equilibrium between the protons that leave and re-attach to the acid functional group of the molec ...
Nuclear SIRT1 activity regulates oxidative capacity Nuclear SIRT1
... While one report has demonstrated a positive association between SIRT1 protein and exercise training (42), a number of others have failed to observe a positive relationship between SIRT1 mRNA and/or protein, and mitochondrial biogenesis. For example, there was an inverse relationship between mitocho ...
... While one report has demonstrated a positive association between SIRT1 protein and exercise training (42), a number of others have failed to observe a positive relationship between SIRT1 mRNA and/or protein, and mitochondrial biogenesis. For example, there was an inverse relationship between mitocho ...
Fatty Acid and Glucose Sensors in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
... activities are increased in NAFLD and may favor the formation of sLDL.2 Dietary lipids are absorbed by enterocytes, incorporated in TG-rich chylomicrons, transported into the systemic circulation, and then delivered to the liver (20%) or peripheral tissue (80%), where lipoprotein lipase ([LPL] the r ...
... activities are increased in NAFLD and may favor the formation of sLDL.2 Dietary lipids are absorbed by enterocytes, incorporated in TG-rich chylomicrons, transported into the systemic circulation, and then delivered to the liver (20%) or peripheral tissue (80%), where lipoprotein lipase ([LPL] the r ...
Integrative Physiology Cardiac-Specific Deletion of Acetyl CoA
... fatty acids (FA) across the mitochondrial membrane through carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1). This action is strongly inhibited by malonyl CoA, which is formed by the carboxylation of acetyl CoA via acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC).14 Deletion of ACC2, the primary ACC isoform in oxidative tissues ...
... fatty acids (FA) across the mitochondrial membrane through carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1). This action is strongly inhibited by malonyl CoA, which is formed by the carboxylation of acetyl CoA via acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC).14 Deletion of ACC2, the primary ACC isoform in oxidative tissues ...
finalglycogen (2)
... Glycogen storage disease: there are group of inherited disorder cause deposition of abnormal quantity of glycogen in tissues lead to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase like. ...
... Glycogen storage disease: there are group of inherited disorder cause deposition of abnormal quantity of glycogen in tissues lead to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase like. ...
The metabolic responses of high intensity intermittent exercise in
... This has significant metabolic considerations’ for energy balance as this energy loss has never before been considered a part of the energy balance equation. Healthy untrained males were recruited to be a part of study 4 which blended aspects of two exercise models already employed in this thesis ( ...
... This has significant metabolic considerations’ for energy balance as this energy loss has never before been considered a part of the energy balance equation. Healthy untrained males were recruited to be a part of study 4 which blended aspects of two exercise models already employed in this thesis ( ...
Metabolism
... end, producing glucose 1-phosphate. • Glycogen phosphorylase activated by glucagon (liver) (low blood glucose) AMP (skeletal muscle)(energy need) Epinephrine (emergency energy signal) Liver: increase blood glucose Skeletal muscle: provide fuel for glycolysis Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited by insul ...
... end, producing glucose 1-phosphate. • Glycogen phosphorylase activated by glucagon (liver) (low blood glucose) AMP (skeletal muscle)(energy need) Epinephrine (emergency energy signal) Liver: increase blood glucose Skeletal muscle: provide fuel for glycolysis Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited by insul ...
Mechanisms underlying inhibition of muscle disuse
... enzyme activity, protein abundance and gene expression levels of calpain isoforms were examined in skeletal muscle of aestivating and control C. alboguttata. There was no decrease in the protein abundances of calpain 1 or calpain 2 in aestivating C. alboguttata muscle relative to controls. Similarly ...
... enzyme activity, protein abundance and gene expression levels of calpain isoforms were examined in skeletal muscle of aestivating and control C. alboguttata. There was no decrease in the protein abundances of calpain 1 or calpain 2 in aestivating C. alboguttata muscle relative to controls. Similarly ...
Targeted Disruption of the SUCNR1 Metabolic Receptor
... (15,16). Indeed, the low levels (;2–80 mmol/L) of succinate found in blood plasma (15–18), in comparison with that required for activation (in the region of 180 mmol/L [2]), would suggest that Sucnr1 functions more as a sensor of metabolic (or oxidative) damage (19) rather than a physiological media ...
... (15,16). Indeed, the low levels (;2–80 mmol/L) of succinate found in blood plasma (15–18), in comparison with that required for activation (in the region of 180 mmol/L [2]), would suggest that Sucnr1 functions more as a sensor of metabolic (or oxidative) damage (19) rather than a physiological media ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... Congenital deficiencies in one of the components of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system, in renal tubular reabsorption of carnitine, or in carnitine uptake by cells cause primary carnitine deficiency. Genetic CPT-I deficiency affects the liver, where an inability to use LCFA for fuel great ...
... Congenital deficiencies in one of the components of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system, in renal tubular reabsorption of carnitine, or in carnitine uptake by cells cause primary carnitine deficiency. Genetic CPT-I deficiency affects the liver, where an inability to use LCFA for fuel great ...
CHAPTER 25
... a) Skeletal muscle in an active state uses fatty acids. b) Skeletal muscle in a resting state uses glucose. c) Heart muscle uses glucose as a preferred fuel. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response ...
... a) Skeletal muscle in an active state uses fatty acids. b) Skeletal muscle in a resting state uses glucose. c) Heart muscle uses glucose as a preferred fuel. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response ...
Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolism
... now being rewarded. At the molecular level, the crucial role of transcription factors is particularly well-illustrated by the link between alterations of their functions and the occurrence of major metabolic diseases. In addition, the possibility of manipulating the ligand-dependent activity of some ...
... now being rewarded. At the molecular level, the crucial role of transcription factors is particularly well-illustrated by the link between alterations of their functions and the occurrence of major metabolic diseases. In addition, the possibility of manipulating the ligand-dependent activity of some ...
Long-Term Treatment with Insulin and Retinoic Acid
... significantly. Vitamin A (VA) plays a role in a number of physiological functions including glucose metabolism. However, its role in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism has not been well established. Insulin controls glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle via the regulations of glucose uptake, gly ...
... significantly. Vitamin A (VA) plays a role in a number of physiological functions including glucose metabolism. However, its role in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism has not been well established. Insulin controls glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle via the regulations of glucose uptake, gly ...
Hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion: DGAT2 as the link
... substrates between tissues. They are a major source of dietary energy, and the intricate mechanisms that have been developed to enable their digestion, uptake, distribution and storage attest to their importance as the ultimate high-capacity form of energy storage in vertebrates. White adipose tissu ...
... substrates between tissues. They are a major source of dietary energy, and the intricate mechanisms that have been developed to enable their digestion, uptake, distribution and storage attest to their importance as the ultimate high-capacity form of energy storage in vertebrates. White adipose tissu ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... insulin activates protein phosphatase 1 which stimulates glycogen synthesis. – This is accomplished through a complex highly regulated signal transduction pathway. • Remember: Glycogen metabolism in liver regulates blood glucose levels. ...
... insulin activates protein phosphatase 1 which stimulates glycogen synthesis. – This is accomplished through a complex highly regulated signal transduction pathway. • Remember: Glycogen metabolism in liver regulates blood glucose levels. ...
Metabolism (degradation) of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
... A) During FASTING, during the intensive physical labor and in response to stress condition: release of free FAs from adipose tissue is an adaptation process to provide energy for skeletal and cardiac muscle and also indirectly to the brain via ketone bodies. (Level of insulin falls during fasting: r ...
... A) During FASTING, during the intensive physical labor and in response to stress condition: release of free FAs from adipose tissue is an adaptation process to provide energy for skeletal and cardiac muscle and also indirectly to the brain via ketone bodies. (Level of insulin falls during fasting: r ...
ASTHMA AND ATHLETES Young people should learn to control
... Asthma is a lung disease that is usually chronic and can be life-threatening, if not managed properly. With proper management, most people can lead a normal, active life. The more obvious signs of asthma include: 1) wheezing, or a whistle-like sound when exhaling, 2) shortness of breath, 3) tightnes ...
... Asthma is a lung disease that is usually chronic and can be life-threatening, if not managed properly. With proper management, most people can lead a normal, active life. The more obvious signs of asthma include: 1) wheezing, or a whistle-like sound when exhaling, 2) shortness of breath, 3) tightnes ...