Lactic Acid A - Journal of Neuroscience
... pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity to convert pyruvate either aerobically to acetyl-CoA or anaerobically to lactate. Metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory processes are two sides of the same coin in several pathophysiological conditions. The lactic acid surge associated with the metabolic shif ...
... pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity to convert pyruvate either aerobically to acetyl-CoA or anaerobically to lactate. Metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory processes are two sides of the same coin in several pathophysiological conditions. The lactic acid surge associated with the metabolic shif ...
Fructose: Metabolic, Hedonic, and Societal
... people with diabetes because of its inability to raise serum glucose levels and its insulin-independent metabolism, many (21-28), although certainly not all (29), investigators have elaborated fructose’s unique hepatic properties and have indirectly implicated fructose in the dual epidemics of obesi ...
... people with diabetes because of its inability to raise serum glucose levels and its insulin-independent metabolism, many (21-28), although certainly not all (29), investigators have elaborated fructose’s unique hepatic properties and have indirectly implicated fructose in the dual epidemics of obesi ...
Maternal macho-1 is an intrinsic factor that makes cell
... signals are used over and over again in different cells at different stages, with different biological outcomes depending on the spatial and temporal context. This reflects the ‘responsiveness’ or ‘competence’ of the signal-receiving cells. In inductive interactions, extracellular signaling molecule ...
... signals are used over and over again in different cells at different stages, with different biological outcomes depending on the spatial and temporal context. This reflects the ‘responsiveness’ or ‘competence’ of the signal-receiving cells. In inductive interactions, extracellular signaling molecule ...
Dietary Branched-chain Amino Acids Suppress the Expression of
... examined changes in insulin levels in the early stages of feeding, the relation of insulin levels in the early feeding period to pancreatic amylase activity cannot be determined due to large variation in insulin levels (data not shown). Because exogenous insulin10–12) and endogenous insulin from tra ...
... examined changes in insulin levels in the early stages of feeding, the relation of insulin levels in the early feeding period to pancreatic amylase activity cannot be determined due to large variation in insulin levels (data not shown). Because exogenous insulin10–12) and endogenous insulin from tra ...
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... • Another isozyme of hexokinase -- Glucokinase, is not inhibited by glucose 6-phsophate – Phosphorylates glucose only when the glucose is abundant (the affinity for glucose is about 50-fold lower than hexokinase) – Provide glucose 6-phosphate for the synthesis of glycogen and for the formation of fa ...
... • Another isozyme of hexokinase -- Glucokinase, is not inhibited by glucose 6-phsophate – Phosphorylates glucose only when the glucose is abundant (the affinity for glucose is about 50-fold lower than hexokinase) – Provide glucose 6-phosphate for the synthesis of glycogen and for the formation of fa ...
The outer frontier: the importance of lipid metabolism in the skin
... function due to the impaired conversion of lipid precursors into ceramides (2). Of note, disruption of the permeability barrier produces an increase in b-glucocerebrosidase activity and mRNA levels in the epidermis (2). Similarly, disruption of the permeability barrier also increases acidic sphingom ...
... function due to the impaired conversion of lipid precursors into ceramides (2). Of note, disruption of the permeability barrier produces an increase in b-glucocerebrosidase activity and mRNA levels in the epidermis (2). Similarly, disruption of the permeability barrier also increases acidic sphingom ...
The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways
... level that is able to induce changes in the homeostasis of L-carnitine. However, it must be noted that to our knowledge, an acute mildronate treatment does not induce any metabolic or gene expression changes, and therefore, long-term treatment (at least 10-14 days) is necessary to achieve regulatory ...
... level that is able to induce changes in the homeostasis of L-carnitine. However, it must be noted that to our knowledge, an acute mildronate treatment does not induce any metabolic or gene expression changes, and therefore, long-term treatment (at least 10-14 days) is necessary to achieve regulatory ...
Mini-Series: Modern Metabolic Concepts The Biochemistry of the
... the serine residue of the substrate and not through a histidine residue of the kinase itself as bacterial histidine kinases do, and hence PDK is related to the eukaryotic serine kinases and ATPases by catalytic mechanism. Each PDK isoenzyme is a dimer composed of identical subunits. PDKs were shown ...
... the serine residue of the substrate and not through a histidine residue of the kinase itself as bacterial histidine kinases do, and hence PDK is related to the eukaryotic serine kinases and ATPases by catalytic mechanism. Each PDK isoenzyme is a dimer composed of identical subunits. PDKs were shown ...
20 Insulin Secretion and Action
... glucose metabolism, insulin is the hormone that lowers serum glucose whereas most other mechanisms function to increase serum glucose. Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The main function of insulin is to lower serum glucose. Insulin is a major a ...
... glucose metabolism, insulin is the hormone that lowers serum glucose whereas most other mechanisms function to increase serum glucose. Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The main function of insulin is to lower serum glucose. Insulin is a major a ...
Chapter 3 Physiology of Adrenal Steroids Regulation of Aldosterone
... Note that the localizations are not entirely consistent with the names of the peptides; the names (which could also be considered to correspond to the A, B, and C types of NP) are related to the tissues in which the peptides were discovered. The NPs are thought to bind at least one and probably more ...
... Note that the localizations are not entirely consistent with the names of the peptides; the names (which could also be considered to correspond to the A, B, and C types of NP) are related to the tissues in which the peptides were discovered. The NPs are thought to bind at least one and probably more ...
Control of Maximum Rates of Glycolysis in Rat Cardiac Muscle
... availability of acetyl-CoA. Anaerobic production of ATP from glycolysis never accounted for more than 7% of the normal aerobic requirements for energy. We conclude that glycolytic rate in cardiac muscle is not sufficient to support high rates of oxidative metabolism. Circ Res 44:166-176, 1979 ...
... availability of acetyl-CoA. Anaerobic production of ATP from glycolysis never accounted for more than 7% of the normal aerobic requirements for energy. We conclude that glycolytic rate in cardiac muscle is not sufficient to support high rates of oxidative metabolism. Circ Res 44:166-176, 1979 ...
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
... defined by the presence of central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [12–14]. NAFLD increases with obesity and type 2 diabetes; it is present in up to 90% of obese individuals [12,15,16]. Insulin resistance is a common causative factor in the pathogenesis o ...
... defined by the presence of central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [12–14]. NAFLD increases with obesity and type 2 diabetes; it is present in up to 90% of obese individuals [12,15,16]. Insulin resistance is a common causative factor in the pathogenesis o ...
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Atria and Ventricles of the
... mitogenic activity is higher in the atrial extracts (compared with ventricular ones) in all species tested (chicken, rat, bovine, and sheep). Furthermore, extracts from chicken hearts appear to have more mitogenic activity overall than any of the mammalian extracts (Fig. 1). Actual levels of stimula ...
... mitogenic activity is higher in the atrial extracts (compared with ventricular ones) in all species tested (chicken, rat, bovine, and sheep). Furthermore, extracts from chicken hearts appear to have more mitogenic activity overall than any of the mammalian extracts (Fig. 1). Actual levels of stimula ...
5 Molecular basis of type-2 diabetes
... hepatic glucose output. Resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin also favors triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and the generation of free fatty acids, which interfere with insulin receptor signals. Changes in serum adipokine concentrations are also part of the insulin resistant state ...
... hepatic glucose output. Resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin also favors triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and the generation of free fatty acids, which interfere with insulin receptor signals. Changes in serum adipokine concentrations are also part of the insulin resistant state ...
Novel regulatory roles of omega-3 fatty acids in metabolic pathways
... involved in the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis [39]. Regulation of calcium homeostasis is important in many metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism and diabetes [41,42]. There are evidences linking higher expression of regucalcin to adipogenesis in adipocytes [43], and also al ...
... involved in the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis [39]. Regulation of calcium homeostasis is important in many metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism and diabetes [41,42]. There are evidences linking higher expression of regucalcin to adipogenesis in adipocytes [43], and also al ...
Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: fructose as
... microvesicular steatosis without inflammation in the liver (35). Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a 25-kDa secretory glycoprotein initially identified in human neutrophils and it is abundantly present in the circulation (36). It was demonstrated that the liver is the main source of serum LCN-2 which plays a k ...
... microvesicular steatosis without inflammation in the liver (35). Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a 25-kDa secretory glycoprotein initially identified in human neutrophils and it is abundantly present in the circulation (36). It was demonstrated that the liver is the main source of serum LCN-2 which plays a k ...
Plasma
... It is a glycoprotein, produced by the liver They form specific, stable 1:1 molecular complexes with hemoglobin, Such complexes form in vivo as the result of intravascular hemolysis of erythrocytes Because of their high molecular , the complexes can’t be excreted by the kidney; this prevent exc ...
... It is a glycoprotein, produced by the liver They form specific, stable 1:1 molecular complexes with hemoglobin, Such complexes form in vivo as the result of intravascular hemolysis of erythrocytes Because of their high molecular , the complexes can’t be excreted by the kidney; this prevent exc ...
glycogen metabolism
... • This is because muscle does NOT export glucose. the liver, on the other hand, DOES export glucose and thus has abundant supplies of the enzyme. ...
... • This is because muscle does NOT export glucose. the liver, on the other hand, DOES export glucose and thus has abundant supplies of the enzyme. ...
Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous
... its preferred metabolic substrate (i.e., glucose), could reduce cell respiration/energy production and hence brain electric activity. It was also clear that, upon electrical stimulation, the metabolic activity of the brain could be increased and, as a consequence, more glucose and oxygen were taken ...
... its preferred metabolic substrate (i.e., glucose), could reduce cell respiration/energy production and hence brain electric activity. It was also clear that, upon electrical stimulation, the metabolic activity of the brain could be increased and, as a consequence, more glucose and oxygen were taken ...
A Global Model for the Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
... arterial blood pressure. Most of these control systems are negative feedback systems. For example, a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid causes increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn decreases the carbon dioxide concentration. In short, a high concentration causes ...
... arterial blood pressure. Most of these control systems are negative feedback systems. For example, a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid causes increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn decreases the carbon dioxide concentration. In short, a high concentration causes ...
Masticatory myosin unveiled - AJP
... present in distant animals as shark or crocodile and with nonmuscle isoforms (12, 19). Masticatory MyHC has been first identified in cat temporalis muscle, more precisely in posterior temporalis bundle where it is expressed in all fibers (23) and has been defined as “superfast” because contraction t ...
... present in distant animals as shark or crocodile and with nonmuscle isoforms (12, 19). Masticatory MyHC has been first identified in cat temporalis muscle, more precisely in posterior temporalis bundle where it is expressed in all fibers (23) and has been defined as “superfast” because contraction t ...
uncorrected page proofs
... used as an energy source decreases as the exercise intensity increases. This is because, metabolically speaking, fats are more difficult to break down and, therefore, their rate of energy release is too slow (considerably slower than that from carbohydrates) during high-intensity activity where ATP ...
... used as an energy source decreases as the exercise intensity increases. This is because, metabolically speaking, fats are more difficult to break down and, therefore, their rate of energy release is too slow (considerably slower than that from carbohydrates) during high-intensity activity where ATP ...
Energy systems and interplay of energy systems
... used as an energy source decreases as the exercise intensity increases. This is because, metabolically speaking, fats are more difficult to break down and, therefore, their rate of energy release is too slow (considerably slower than that from carbohydrates) during high-intensity activity where ATP ...
... used as an energy source decreases as the exercise intensity increases. This is because, metabolically speaking, fats are more difficult to break down and, therefore, their rate of energy release is too slow (considerably slower than that from carbohydrates) during high-intensity activity where ATP ...
Involvement of Polyamine Catabolism in the Regulation of Glucose
... activity of which was increased most likely due to the reduction in the protein levels of Akt evoked by activated polyamine catabolism. Therefore, activation polyamine catabolism is a novel way of inducing bile acid synthesis and lowering circulating total cholesterol levels. The deficiency in polya ...
... activity of which was increased most likely due to the reduction in the protein levels of Akt evoked by activated polyamine catabolism. Therefore, activation polyamine catabolism is a novel way of inducing bile acid synthesis and lowering circulating total cholesterol levels. The deficiency in polya ...