THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN PRESSURE ON THE
... formation of packaging defects at shifting of the lattice planes with unstabilized nitrogen saturation [29]. The reason for this is high energy of the metal particles, bombarding the coating at low pressure during applying negative bias potential Ub = -200 V A great difference in atomic sizes of HEA ...
... formation of packaging defects at shifting of the lattice planes with unstabilized nitrogen saturation [29]. The reason for this is high energy of the metal particles, bombarding the coating at low pressure during applying negative bias potential Ub = -200 V A great difference in atomic sizes of HEA ...
Effects of Reaction Gel Dehydration on the Synthesis of Cu(NC5H5
... and [WO2F4]2- are inherently acentric and polar, have polarizable metal-oxygen bonds, and are potential candidates for use in new SHG materials. Crystallization of these oxide fluoride anions in noncentrosymmetric structures has been the focus of several efforts.1-3 Although the coordination prefere ...
... and [WO2F4]2- are inherently acentric and polar, have polarizable metal-oxygen bonds, and are potential candidates for use in new SHG materials. Crystallization of these oxide fluoride anions in noncentrosymmetric structures has been the focus of several efforts.1-3 Although the coordination prefere ...
THz generation by optical rectification of near
... Optical rectification of femtosecond laser pulses in an electro-optic crystal is an often used method for the generation of broadband THz pulses [1]. A high conversion efficiency in this process is crucial for both THz imaging and spectroscopy applications, because it leads to a high signal-to-noise ...
... Optical rectification of femtosecond laser pulses in an electro-optic crystal is an often used method for the generation of broadband THz pulses [1]. A high conversion efficiency in this process is crucial for both THz imaging and spectroscopy applications, because it leads to a high signal-to-noise ...
Large-angle quasi-self-collimation effect in a rod
... vector in the air), r12 is the reflection coefficient of the ARL in the air and r23 is the reflection coefficient of the semi-infinite quasi-SC PC when the light beam is hitting the PC surface from air. Both r12 and r23 can be calculated by applying the multiple scattering method[14]. Now, we try to ...
... vector in the air), r12 is the reflection coefficient of the ARL in the air and r23 is the reflection coefficient of the semi-infinite quasi-SC PC when the light beam is hitting the PC surface from air. Both r12 and r23 can be calculated by applying the multiple scattering method[14]. Now, we try to ...
Module 10 Crystal Defects in Metals I Lecture 10 Crystal
... governed by a set of rules introduced by Hume Rothery. Two metals can have unlimited solubility if their atomic diameters do not differ by more than 15%, they have similar crystal structure, valence & electro‐ negativity. When an atom is substituted by another of different dimension, the ...
... governed by a set of rules introduced by Hume Rothery. Two metals can have unlimited solubility if their atomic diameters do not differ by more than 15%, they have similar crystal structure, valence & electro‐ negativity. When an atom is substituted by another of different dimension, the ...
3 Minerals
... negatively charged chloride ion. With opposite electrical charges, the sodium ions and chloride ions attract each other and bond together to form the compound sodium chloride (common salt, also known as the mineral halite). (A compound has more than one element in its structure.) This type of bond, ...
... negatively charged chloride ion. With opposite electrical charges, the sodium ions and chloride ions attract each other and bond together to form the compound sodium chloride (common salt, also known as the mineral halite). (A compound has more than one element in its structure.) This type of bond, ...
Chapter 8 – Symmetry in Crystal Physics – p. 1
... Must be fulfilled for all transformation matrices aij corresponding to symmetry operations of the point group of the crystal (crystal class) (remark: in general, it is not necessary to test all symmetry operations, but only the set of generating operations of the point group). Neumann’s principle ma ...
... Must be fulfilled for all transformation matrices aij corresponding to symmetry operations of the point group of the crystal (crystal class) (remark: in general, it is not necessary to test all symmetry operations, but only the set of generating operations of the point group). Neumann’s principle ma ...
The Crystal Structure and Genesis of the Gold
... Preparation of the crystal mounts consisted of removing small sections from the edges of larger crystals along fracture planes and other zones of preexisting weakness. This was done to minimize the effects of mechanical distortion that may have resulted from crystal removal through more aggressive ...
... Preparation of the crystal mounts consisted of removing small sections from the edges of larger crystals along fracture planes and other zones of preexisting weakness. This was done to minimize the effects of mechanical distortion that may have resulted from crystal removal through more aggressive ...
Lesson Plan Form
... Solids with specific compositions The third characteristic of minerals is that they are all solids. Solids have definite shapes and volumes. Liquids and gases do not. Thus, no gase or liquid can be considered a mineral. Next, each type of mineral has a chemical composition unique to that mineral. A ...
... Solids with specific compositions The third characteristic of minerals is that they are all solids. Solids have definite shapes and volumes. Liquids and gases do not. Thus, no gase or liquid can be considered a mineral. Next, each type of mineral has a chemical composition unique to that mineral. A ...
Comparison of the electronic structures of four crystalline phases of
... at the low energy range have non-trivial P contributions which can be well described in terms of hybridization with the nearest neighbor O ions to form P 3s – O 2pσ states in the energy range of −10 ≤ E ≤ −8 eV and P 3p – O 2pσ states in the energy range of −8 ≤ E ≤ −6 eV. For the quartz structure, ...
... at the low energy range have non-trivial P contributions which can be well described in terms of hybridization with the nearest neighbor O ions to form P 3s – O 2pσ states in the energy range of −10 ≤ E ≤ −8 eV and P 3p – O 2pσ states in the energy range of −8 ≤ E ≤ −6 eV. For the quartz structure, ...
Biochem. J. (2006) 395, 457–462
... that form the catalytic machinery, Asp17 and Glu190 in the case of Tm invertase, is now well established [6,7,9] and the putative roles for the different conserved stretches [25] in the sequences of GH32 family enzymes have recently been described [8,9]. The present structural analysis of the inacti ...
... that form the catalytic machinery, Asp17 and Glu190 in the case of Tm invertase, is now well established [6,7,9] and the putative roles for the different conserved stretches [25] in the sequences of GH32 family enzymes have recently been described [8,9]. The present structural analysis of the inacti ...
Cryo-trapping the Six-coordinate, Distorted
... Ê resolution by stimulatwas determined to 0.85 A ing cryocooled crystals with light (Genick et al., 1998). In addition, the photodissociation of carbon monoxide from myoglobin was studied using cryocrystallography (Schlichting et al., 1994). We therefore postulated that cryocooling would slow the di ...
... Ê resolution by stimulatwas determined to 0.85 A ing cryocooled crystals with light (Genick et al., 1998). In addition, the photodissociation of carbon monoxide from myoglobin was studied using cryocrystallography (Schlichting et al., 1994). We therefore postulated that cryocooling would slow the di ...
KJM-MENA 3120 Structure and properties of functional materials
... Some examples: LaMnO3; Ca3Co2O6; MgO; Cu2O; La2Ni2O5; CaF2. Some of these will be inspected during the seminars on structure visualization and modelling. Inspect the figures and identify the coordination of the smaller cation in these compounds. Task: What is the coordination number or the two diffe ...
... Some examples: LaMnO3; Ca3Co2O6; MgO; Cu2O; La2Ni2O5; CaF2. Some of these will be inspected during the seminars on structure visualization and modelling. Inspect the figures and identify the coordination of the smaller cation in these compounds. Task: What is the coordination number or the two diffe ...
Synthesis and Characterization of Four Energetic Transition Metal
... study this kind of novel EMs [2], especially concentrating on complexes with nitrogen-rich heterocyclic ligands [3], because these ligands have the characters of both high nitrogen content and positive heats of formation. 1,2,4-triazole and its derivates are a kind of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic liga ...
... study this kind of novel EMs [2], especially concentrating on complexes with nitrogen-rich heterocyclic ligands [3], because these ligands have the characters of both high nitrogen content and positive heats of formation. 1,2,4-triazole and its derivates are a kind of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic liga ...
functional properties of photonic crystals on the basis of single
... At the partial deionization and subsequent neutralization of the freshly prepared alkaline (pH ≈ 10) MSSP suspension with an HCl solution and the replacement of OH– groups by Cl– , the total counterion concentration remains high while τ is small (i.e., rχ >>1). However, because the new NH4Cl electr ...
... At the partial deionization and subsequent neutralization of the freshly prepared alkaline (pH ≈ 10) MSSP suspension with an HCl solution and the replacement of OH– groups by Cl– , the total counterion concentration remains high while τ is small (i.e., rχ >>1). However, because the new NH4Cl electr ...
New Reactions in the Crotonase Superfamily: Structure of
... structure and function is still too ill-defined to allow either the prediction of mechanism or the identities of the acid/ base catalysts. The fact that the same secondary structural elements within the N-terminal domain deliver both the groups necessary for catalysis and for substrate specificity a ...
... structure and function is still too ill-defined to allow either the prediction of mechanism or the identities of the acid/ base catalysts. The fact that the same secondary structural elements within the N-terminal domain deliver both the groups necessary for catalysis and for substrate specificity a ...
Converting 3D rigid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to 2D flexible
... controllable flexibility and well-defined crystallinity. Ligand exchange is typically achieved by soaking parent MOF crystals in a concentrated ligand solution. Although the understanding of this synthesis method, such as the effect of solvent, modulator, temperature, and reaction kinetics, is still ...
... controllable flexibility and well-defined crystallinity. Ligand exchange is typically achieved by soaking parent MOF crystals in a concentrated ligand solution. Although the understanding of this synthesis method, such as the effect of solvent, modulator, temperature, and reaction kinetics, is still ...
Author`s personal copy
... and effector sites, allowing eukaryotes to develop their relatively more complex control apparatus for glycolytic processes.6,15 Crystallographic studies that reveal details of the enzymatic reaction mechanism and allosteric control have been carried out on bacterial PFKs. 16–20 Structural studies o ...
... and effector sites, allowing eukaryotes to develop their relatively more complex control apparatus for glycolytic processes.6,15 Crystallographic studies that reveal details of the enzymatic reaction mechanism and allosteric control have been carried out on bacterial PFKs. 16–20 Structural studies o ...
Studies of Oxygen Deficient Complex Cobaltates with Perovskite Related Structures.
... Another factor that may lead to lowering of the symmetry from cubic involves Jahn–Teller effects. Compounds involving ions having an odd number of electrons in the eg orbitals will experience this effect; these include perovskite compounds where B is high-spin Mn3+ Cr2+ and Fe4+, low spin Ni3+ and a ...
... Another factor that may lead to lowering of the symmetry from cubic involves Jahn–Teller effects. Compounds involving ions having an odd number of electrons in the eg orbitals will experience this effect; these include perovskite compounds where B is high-spin Mn3+ Cr2+ and Fe4+, low spin Ni3+ and a ...
Density-functional band-structure calculations for La-, Y
... structure with La, Y, and Sc. The rattling amplitude is defined as the difference between the void filler covalent radius and the radius of the cage.10 Since the covalent radius decreases from 169 to 144 pm when going from La to Sc, we may expect that the rattling amplitude decreases in the order of ...
... structure with La, Y, and Sc. The rattling amplitude is defined as the difference between the void filler covalent radius and the radius of the cage.10 Since the covalent radius decreases from 169 to 144 pm when going from La to Sc, we may expect that the rattling amplitude decreases in the order of ...
Zeng 1..6 - Science Advances
... The atomic structure of nanoparticles is of paramount importance because many applications (such as catalysis and biomedicine) and fundamental studies of quantum size effect in ultrasmall nanoparticles require structural details at the atomic level (1–3). Thus, significant research efforts have been ...
... The atomic structure of nanoparticles is of paramount importance because many applications (such as catalysis and biomedicine) and fundamental studies of quantum size effect in ultrasmall nanoparticles require structural details at the atomic level (1–3). Thus, significant research efforts have been ...
Design and FDTD Simulation of Photonic Crystal k
... ∆θ p and ∆θq were estimated to be ∆θ p < 0.2◦ and 2.3◦ , respectively. Thus, the FDTD calculation well agreed with the dispersion surface analysis. One may think that ∆θq is small, but ∆θ p is so small that the beams can be separated by the free space propagation. In the previous study, we observed ...
... ∆θ p and ∆θq were estimated to be ∆θ p < 0.2◦ and 2.3◦ , respectively. Thus, the FDTD calculation well agreed with the dispersion surface analysis. One may think that ∆θq is small, but ∆θ p is so small that the beams can be separated by the free space propagation. In the previous study, we observed ...
Crystal Oscillator Circuit and Working
... Crystal Oscillator Circuit and Working Crystal Oscillator Working Crystal oscillator circuit usually works on the principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect. The applied electric field will produce a mechanical deformation across some materials. It utilizes the vibrating crystal’s mechanic ...
... Crystal Oscillator Circuit and Working Crystal Oscillator Working Crystal oscillator circuit usually works on the principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect. The applied electric field will produce a mechanical deformation across some materials. It utilizes the vibrating crystal’s mechanic ...
On The Rocks - Técnico Lisboa
... Table 1- Major Classes of Copper Compounds, “On the Rocks” General method of synthesis from No of the Sample Compound, Classification from Box reference [1] or other 2 and Composition Dissolution of 56g/100 ml water; 1d CuSO4.5H2O, Hydrated ionic salt, Figs 1, 2 80 g/100 ml water if metal wires Any ...
... Table 1- Major Classes of Copper Compounds, “On the Rocks” General method of synthesis from No of the Sample Compound, Classification from Box reference [1] or other 2 and Composition Dissolution of 56g/100 ml water; 1d CuSO4.5H2O, Hydrated ionic salt, Figs 1, 2 80 g/100 ml water if metal wires Any ...
The 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and KEK`s Photon Factory
... continued to make advancements towards higher intensity and higher resolution. For Prof. Yonath, who was simply incapable of sitting around doing nothing with ribosomal crystal in her hands, “those were very long ‘short breaks’.” ...
... continued to make advancements towards higher intensity and higher resolution. For Prof. Yonath, who was simply incapable of sitting around doing nothing with ribosomal crystal in her hands, “those were very long ‘short breaks’.” ...
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is bombarded with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.