Neutron Scattering—A Non-destructive Microscope for Seeing
... They have no charge, and their electric dipole moment is either zero or too small to measure. For these reasons, neutrons can penetrate matter far better than charged particles. Furthermore, neutrons interact with atoms via nuclear rather than electrical forces, and nuclear forces are very short ran ...
... They have no charge, and their electric dipole moment is either zero or too small to measure. For these reasons, neutrons can penetrate matter far better than charged particles. Furthermore, neutrons interact with atoms via nuclear rather than electrical forces, and nuclear forces are very short ran ...
L9 Tensor properties, anisotropy, part 2
... What is the definition of the piezoelectric effect? What is an example of a piezoelectric device? Why does the existence of the piezoelectric effect depend on having ionic bonding? How is the piezoelectric effect related to an absence of a center of symmetry in the crystal? Piezoelectric effect is d ...
... What is the definition of the piezoelectric effect? What is an example of a piezoelectric device? Why does the existence of the piezoelectric effect depend on having ionic bonding? How is the piezoelectric effect related to an absence of a center of symmetry in the crystal? Piezoelectric effect is d ...
18.4 Compression and Tension 18 Solids
... crystal produces the pattern shown on the photographic film beyond the crystal. The white spot in the center is caused by the main unscattered beam of X-rays. The size and arrangement of the other spots indicate the arrangement of sodium and chlorine atoms in the crystal. All crystals of sodium chlo ...
... crystal produces the pattern shown on the photographic film beyond the crystal. The white spot in the center is caused by the main unscattered beam of X-rays. The size and arrangement of the other spots indicate the arrangement of sodium and chlorine atoms in the crystal. All crystals of sodium chlo ...
COCRYSTAL FORMATION OF PARACETAMOL WITH INDOMETHACIN AND MEFENAMIC ACID:
... a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystallization processes and the molecular properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients [2]. Frequently, however, the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients crystallize into one or mo ...
... a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystallization processes and the molecular properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients [2]. Frequently, however, the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients crystallize into one or mo ...
`bis (L-glutamine) potassium nitrate` crystal
... name for example bis (L-glutamine) potassium nitrate [11], abbreviated by a strange code. L-glutamine is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids and is an amide of Lglutamic acid. The compound monosodium glutamate, which contains sodium and the monoanion of L-glutamic acid, is present in t ...
... name for example bis (L-glutamine) potassium nitrate [11], abbreviated by a strange code. L-glutamine is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids and is an amide of Lglutamic acid. The compound monosodium glutamate, which contains sodium and the monoanion of L-glutamic acid, is present in t ...
Three-Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics - KIT
... layer of the desired structure. Several layers are then stacked on top of each other using micromanipulation techniques[32] or they are optically aligned and subsequently connected via wafer fusion layer-by-layer.[30] As the 2D structure of each layer is defined via electron-beam lithography, functi ...
... layer of the desired structure. Several layers are then stacked on top of each other using micromanipulation techniques[32] or they are optically aligned and subsequently connected via wafer fusion layer-by-layer.[30] As the 2D structure of each layer is defined via electron-beam lithography, functi ...
- Opus
... observed to occur gradually and over temperature ranges in excess of 200oC while the ultimate residual masses could not be correlated with any meaningful stoichiometric component of the precursor molecules. In contrast, and in common with the observations of Tilley and co-workers,7 the onset of deco ...
... observed to occur gradually and over temperature ranges in excess of 200oC while the ultimate residual masses could not be correlated with any meaningful stoichiometric component of the precursor molecules. In contrast, and in common with the observations of Tilley and co-workers,7 the onset of deco ...
Solids - Pharmaceutical Press
... in Chapter 10. In this chapter we deal with the form and particle size of crystalline and amorphous drugs and the effect these characteristics have on drug behaviour, especially on drug dissolution and bioavailability. Crystalline solids can exist in several subphases, such as polymorphs, solvates, ...
... in Chapter 10. In this chapter we deal with the form and particle size of crystalline and amorphous drugs and the effect these characteristics have on drug behaviour, especially on drug dissolution and bioavailability. Crystalline solids can exist in several subphases, such as polymorphs, solvates, ...
From the Metal to the Molecule
... Mostly, it is found to be more convenient to use intermetallic phases or metal halides as starting materials. In some cases, it is necessary to add auxiliary reagents, such as niobium halides, which modify the partial pressures in the gas phase through various equilibrium processes but are not incor ...
... Mostly, it is found to be more convenient to use intermetallic phases or metal halides as starting materials. In some cases, it is necessary to add auxiliary reagents, such as niobium halides, which modify the partial pressures in the gas phase through various equilibrium processes but are not incor ...
Magnitude and nature of the quadratic electro
... field of a frequency in the range dc to ⬃500 Hz. To explain the spread, it had been suggested previously that in certain cases the theoretical conditions forbidding the existence of the linear electro-optic effect were not precisely realized in practice; thus the measured response was due to both th ...
... field of a frequency in the range dc to ⬃500 Hz. To explain the spread, it had been suggested previously that in certain cases the theoretical conditions forbidding the existence of the linear electro-optic effect were not precisely realized in practice; thus the measured response was due to both th ...
Supplemental figure legends13092010HM
... 40 Å resolution to minimize model bias. A subset of good classes with angles covering the Euler sphere was selected for 3D reconstruction using the TRUE3D command in IMAGIC-5. This initial model was inspected, reprojected and used in MRA/MSA to improve alignment and classification of the particles. ...
... 40 Å resolution to minimize model bias. A subset of good classes with angles covering the Euler sphere was selected for 3D reconstruction using the TRUE3D command in IMAGIC-5. This initial model was inspected, reprojected and used in MRA/MSA to improve alignment and classification of the particles. ...
The structure of the PII±ATP complex
... sensitive to errors in the structural model. A small displacement in coordinates generally gives rise to a huge energy difference. As a result, the energies obtained with molecular mechanics may not be very meaningful. The use of a low resolution force field alleviates these problems. In this work w ...
... sensitive to errors in the structural model. A small displacement in coordinates generally gives rise to a huge energy difference. As a result, the energies obtained with molecular mechanics may not be very meaningful. The use of a low resolution force field alleviates these problems. In this work w ...
Atomic-resolution Crystal Structures of B
... The sugar pucker ranges observed in the two structures are listed in Table 1. Thus, the deoxyribose moieties of residues C3 in both duplexes adopt an Eastern pucker, with pseudorotation phase angle amplitudes of 78 and 53 in GCCa and CGMg, respectively. In addition, there are residues with non-s ...
... The sugar pucker ranges observed in the two structures are listed in Table 1. Thus, the deoxyribose moieties of residues C3 in both duplexes adopt an Eastern pucker, with pseudorotation phase angle amplitudes of 78 and 53 in GCCa and CGMg, respectively. In addition, there are residues with non-s ...
Minerals The basic building blocks of Earth
... • A mineral’s atoms are arranged in a definite pattern repeated over and over again. • Most minerals are compounds (more than one element) • EXCEPT for two special minerals: GOLD and COPPER they are made of just one element. ...
... • A mineral’s atoms are arranged in a definite pattern repeated over and over again. • Most minerals are compounds (more than one element) • EXCEPT for two special minerals: GOLD and COPPER they are made of just one element. ...
Cooperative Guest Inclusion by a Zeolite Analogue Coordination
... in a 1:2 ratio in aqueous amine solutions (amine ) NH3, CH3NH2) produced a purple poorly crystalline solid of composition [Cu(pymo)2]‚2.25H2O (1). Its low solubility in common solvents and its spectroscopic properties pointed to a polymeric material (see Supporting Information). Applying the same sy ...
... in a 1:2 ratio in aqueous amine solutions (amine ) NH3, CH3NH2) produced a purple poorly crystalline solid of composition [Cu(pymo)2]‚2.25H2O (1). Its low solubility in common solvents and its spectroscopic properties pointed to a polymeric material (see Supporting Information). Applying the same sy ...
ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND ELASTIC
... fabricated single-phase Ti3SiC2 in polycrystalline bulk form, which enabled the observation of its unusual mechanical and transport properties that had been previously unnoticed from samples in the powder form. Such a development drew new attention to these carbides and nitrides, which have been ext ...
... fabricated single-phase Ti3SiC2 in polycrystalline bulk form, which enabled the observation of its unusual mechanical and transport properties that had been previously unnoticed from samples in the powder form. Such a development drew new attention to these carbides and nitrides, which have been ext ...
A few words about possible applications
... previously demonstrated in our laboratory. They were fabricated on polymer and then extended to Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (Holo-PDLC) [Details can be found in PhD thesis of Jean-Luc Kaiser and S. Massenot]. These photonic crystals could be switched between on and off states by the ...
... previously demonstrated in our laboratory. They were fabricated on polymer and then extended to Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (Holo-PDLC) [Details can be found in PhD thesis of Jean-Luc Kaiser and S. Massenot]. These photonic crystals could be switched between on and off states by the ...
On Contact Numbers of Finite Lattice Sphere
... where xi ∈ R3 is the position of the ith atom A with radius r(A). We remark that the radius r(A) can be chosen to be the ionic radius of the A ion with a particular coordination and charge, with roman numeral subscripts to denote the coordination number of that atom, e.g., rIV (O2− ) is the 4-coordi ...
... where xi ∈ R3 is the position of the ith atom A with radius r(A). We remark that the radius r(A) can be chosen to be the ionic radius of the A ion with a particular coordination and charge, with roman numeral subscripts to denote the coordination number of that atom, e.g., rIV (O2− ) is the 4-coordi ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSRJAP)
... They have wide applications in the field of telecommunications and optical information storage devices. Amino acid family crystals are promising materials for these applications. In recent years more NLO materials with better properties have been identified and studied. The applications of NLO mater ...
... They have wide applications in the field of telecommunications and optical information storage devices. Amino acid family crystals are promising materials for these applications. In recent years more NLO materials with better properties have been identified and studied. The applications of NLO mater ...
Identification of ferroelectric domain structure sensitive phonon
... by selective etching.13 Another standard method is Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), a derivative of atomic force microscopy, which is directly sensitive to domain walls (DWs) and domain orientation. This method offers a high spatial resolution and is non-invasive.11,14 However, selective etchin ...
... by selective etching.13 Another standard method is Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), a derivative of atomic force microscopy, which is directly sensitive to domain walls (DWs) and domain orientation. This method offers a high spatial resolution and is non-invasive.11,14 However, selective etchin ...
growth and characterization of methyl orange doped kap
... Single crystal XRD Single crystal XRD is a non-destructive technique which provides detailed information about the internal lattice of the crystalline substances including unit cell dimension. The grown crystals are subjected to single crystal XRD studies using an ENRAF NONIOUS CAD4 X-Ray diffract t ...
... Single crystal XRD Single crystal XRD is a non-destructive technique which provides detailed information about the internal lattice of the crystalline substances including unit cell dimension. The grown crystals are subjected to single crystal XRD studies using an ENRAF NONIOUS CAD4 X-Ray diffract t ...
The Urinary F1 Activation Peptide of Human
... acid and solvent B was 0.09% trifluoroacetic acid in 60% acetonitrile, 40% water. The column temperature was ambient (approximately 21 DC) and the flow rate was 0.2 ml/min, The eluant was monitored by absorbance at 215 nm. The protein peak corresponding to what was presumed to be UPTFI on the basis ...
... acid and solvent B was 0.09% trifluoroacetic acid in 60% acetonitrile, 40% water. The column temperature was ambient (approximately 21 DC) and the flow rate was 0.2 ml/min, The eluant was monitored by absorbance at 215 nm. The protein peak corresponding to what was presumed to be UPTFI on the basis ...
Growth and characterization of pure and disodium hydrogen
... was identified by comparing the inter planer spacing and intensities of the powder pattern with the JCPDS data of KDP crystal. The calculated lattice parameter values are found to change as seen from Table 1. Mixing changes the cell axes and hence cell volume. At maximum intensity the various struct ...
... was identified by comparing the inter planer spacing and intensities of the powder pattern with the JCPDS data of KDP crystal. The calculated lattice parameter values are found to change as seen from Table 1. Mixing changes the cell axes and hence cell volume. At maximum intensity the various struct ...
What is a mineral?
... are composed of only one element. • A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a native element. • Native elements are used in communications, and electronics equipment. ...
... are composed of only one element. • A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a native element. • Native elements are used in communications, and electronics equipment. ...
Novel optical phenomena with photonic crystals
... band structure contains information about light polarization and is richer than its scalar-wave counterpart in the electronic problems. Finally, it is worth noting that numerical results of photonic band structure are essentially exact within the linear response approximation and can be more reliabl ...
... band structure contains information about light polarization and is richer than its scalar-wave counterpart in the electronic problems. Finally, it is worth noting that numerical results of photonic band structure are essentially exact within the linear response approximation and can be more reliabl ...
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is bombarded with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.