The 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and KEK`s Photon Factory
... continued to make advancements towards higher intensity and higher resolution. For Prof. Yonath, who was simply incapable of sitting around doing nothing with ribosomal crystal in her hands, “those were very long ‘short breaks’.” ...
... continued to make advancements towards higher intensity and higher resolution. For Prof. Yonath, who was simply incapable of sitting around doing nothing with ribosomal crystal in her hands, “those were very long ‘short breaks’.” ...
Charge-Assisted Hydrogen-Bonded Networks of NH4+ and [Co
... Neutralization of H3 BPPA with one equivalent of ammonium acetate yielded colorless crystals of formula NH4 (HO3 P-(C6 H4 )2 -COOH)(H2 O3 P-C6 H4 -C6 H4 -COOH) (1). The ammonium monohydrogenphosphonato-biphenyl-carboxylic acid crystallized with one molecule of the free H3 BPPA acid. The best results ...
... Neutralization of H3 BPPA with one equivalent of ammonium acetate yielded colorless crystals of formula NH4 (HO3 P-(C6 H4 )2 -COOH)(H2 O3 P-C6 H4 -C6 H4 -COOH) (1). The ammonium monohydrogenphosphonato-biphenyl-carboxylic acid crystallized with one molecule of the free H3 BPPA acid. The best results ...
Crystallization and X Ray Diffraction Data Analyses of the Enzyme
... (TcUH) three-dimensional structure by X ray crystallography will aggregate valuable information per se, such as the better understanding of the enzyme at molecular level and its catalytic mechanism, which should also be compared to homologous proteins. This information, added to further molecular bi ...
... (TcUH) three-dimensional structure by X ray crystallography will aggregate valuable information per se, such as the better understanding of the enzyme at molecular level and its catalytic mechanism, which should also be compared to homologous proteins. This information, added to further molecular bi ...
Holographic characteristics of a 1-mm-thick
... period, during which polymerization is inhibited, but rather that during this time polymer chains are being formed that, however, do not give rise to an increase in diffraction efficiency. This could be so because, for a thick material, optimization of its composition requires a dye concentration al ...
... period, during which polymerization is inhibited, but rather that during this time polymer chains are being formed that, however, do not give rise to an increase in diffraction efficiency. This could be so because, for a thick material, optimization of its composition requires a dye concentration al ...
The Role of Tetrahedral Building Blocks in Low-Dimensional Oxohalide Materials Iwan Zimmermann
... framework structures, are tetrahedral building blocks such as phosphates, silicates or sulphates.[11] Due to their ability to connect different building blocks through mainly corner sharing, they exhibit a rich and interesting structural chemistry.[12-14] By including tetrahedral building blocks int ...
... framework structures, are tetrahedral building blocks such as phosphates, silicates or sulphates.[11] Due to their ability to connect different building blocks through mainly corner sharing, they exhibit a rich and interesting structural chemistry.[12-14] By including tetrahedral building blocks int ...
LECTURE-3 Electrons and Holes in semiconductors: Silicon crystal
... While this is an oversimplified description, the nature of a bond between two silicon atoms is such that each atom provides one electron to share with the other. The two electrons thus shared are in fact shared equally between the two atoms. This type of sharing is known as a covalent bond. Such a b ...
... While this is an oversimplified description, the nature of a bond between two silicon atoms is such that each atom provides one electron to share with the other. The two electrons thus shared are in fact shared equally between the two atoms. This type of sharing is known as a covalent bond. Such a b ...
Cleburne County - Wiregrassrockhounds.com
... "stone attracting ash" (a reference to its pyroelectric properties, i.e., when heated or rubbed it attracts dust and dirt particles). Scientifically, tourmaline is not a single mineral, but a group of minerals; all having essentially the same crystal structure but with considerable variation in chem ...
... "stone attracting ash" (a reference to its pyroelectric properties, i.e., when heated or rubbed it attracts dust and dirt particles). Scientifically, tourmaline is not a single mineral, but a group of minerals; all having essentially the same crystal structure but with considerable variation in chem ...
Complete list of Abstracts - MSU Department of Physics and
... and when limited, can result in drastically altered behavior. Dimensional limiting can be imposed by control of particle growth, as when extended solids are made as nanometer sized particles, or can arise spontaneously as a structural motif in an extended solid, such as the presence of 1-D chains or ...
... and when limited, can result in drastically altered behavior. Dimensional limiting can be imposed by control of particle growth, as when extended solids are made as nanometer sized particles, or can arise spontaneously as a structural motif in an extended solid, such as the presence of 1-D chains or ...
Optimization of Two-Stage Cooling Profile in Unseeded Batch
... Data from a typical experiment are shown in Fig. 1(a), including a comparison to the model prediction using the population balance equation. Fig. 1(b) shows comparisons of measured and predicted supersaturations for a typical experiment. ...
... Data from a typical experiment are shown in Fig. 1(a), including a comparison to the model prediction using the population balance equation. Fig. 1(b) shows comparisons of measured and predicted supersaturations for a typical experiment. ...
Investigating minerals information sheet
... Minerals are the chemical building blocks that rocks are made from, so are the basic materials that form the Earth Minerals are the building blocks of us! Our skeletons are made of minerals, and many of the complex processes that keep us alive require minerals to work properly. Minerals are the basi ...
... Minerals are the chemical building blocks that rocks are made from, so are the basic materials that form the Earth Minerals are the building blocks of us! Our skeletons are made of minerals, and many of the complex processes that keep us alive require minerals to work properly. Minerals are the basi ...
Structure of c-Phycocyanin from the Thermophilic
... tal belongs to space group R32 with cell parameters a b 188.43 A Ê , a b 90 , g 120 , with one (ab) monomer in the asymc 61.28 A metric unit. The structure has been re®ned to a crystallographic R factor Ê . The crystals were of 20.2 % (R-free factor is 24.4 %), for all data to 2.5 A ...
... tal belongs to space group R32 with cell parameters a b 188.43 A Ê , a b 90 , g 120 , with one (ab) monomer in the asymc 61.28 A metric unit. The structure has been re®ned to a crystallographic R factor Ê . The crystals were of 20.2 % (R-free factor is 24.4 %), for all data to 2.5 A ...
Minerals
... Mg0.5Fe1.5SiO4 This is known as a solid solution series. All three chemical compositions shown have the same arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice, just different amounts of Fe and Mg atoms. ...
... Mg0.5Fe1.5SiO4 This is known as a solid solution series. All three chemical compositions shown have the same arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice, just different amounts of Fe and Mg atoms. ...
JRA2 - Eu
... present as well as the examination of the microstructure (grain size, texture, lattice imperfections, etc.). Combining X ray fluorescence (XRF) and X ray diffraction (XRD) is the most direct method to achieve such identification although it is restricted to crystals, excluding amorphous phases, and ...
... present as well as the examination of the microstructure (grain size, texture, lattice imperfections, etc.). Combining X ray fluorescence (XRF) and X ray diffraction (XRD) is the most direct method to achieve such identification although it is restricted to crystals, excluding amorphous phases, and ...
Nucleic acid crystallography: current progress
... over the past two years makes clear the incredibly versatile nature of nucleic acid tertiary structure. Long gone are the days when it was possible to group nucleic acid crystal structures simply into A-, B- and Z-form DNA double helices [3]. But even in the case of double helical fragments, it is n ...
... over the past two years makes clear the incredibly versatile nature of nucleic acid tertiary structure. Long gone are the days when it was possible to group nucleic acid crystal structures simply into A-, B- and Z-form DNA double helices [3]. But even in the case of double helical fragments, it is n ...
Synthetic Strategies, Structure Patterns, and Emerging
... Ni2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ as determined by infrared spectroscopy along with X-ray powder diffraction.1d,7 The successful synthesis of this compound and its structural characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction pointed to the viability of using the building block approach for the synthesis ...
... Ni2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ as determined by infrared spectroscopy along with X-ray powder diffraction.1d,7 The successful synthesis of this compound and its structural characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction pointed to the viability of using the building block approach for the synthesis ...
Diffraction - ICT for IST
... picking up and presenting just a few of them, which illustrate a phenomenon but not the principles, should be avoided. It seems also very useful, especially for smaller children, or those, who hear about these phenomena for the first time in their life, to start with the water waves, continue with t ...
... picking up and presenting just a few of them, which illustrate a phenomenon but not the principles, should be avoided. It seems also very useful, especially for smaller children, or those, who hear about these phenomena for the first time in their life, to start with the water waves, continue with t ...
Dirac Fermions and Superconductivity in Homologous Structures
... Our hypothesis of the similar SOC strength of the two homologous phases is supported by the comparison of their in-plane magneto-conductivity σ(B, θ=90o). As shown in the Fig. 3(c), σ(B, θ=90o) of m=2 phase, silver doped m=2 phase and silver doped m=1 phase are scaled by one conductivity quantum, e2 ...
... Our hypothesis of the similar SOC strength of the two homologous phases is supported by the comparison of their in-plane magneto-conductivity σ(B, θ=90o). As shown in the Fig. 3(c), σ(B, θ=90o) of m=2 phase, silver doped m=2 phase and silver doped m=1 phase are scaled by one conductivity quantum, e2 ...
Minerals are all around us.
... structure of a crystal, a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern. Each mineral has its own type of crystal structure. In some cases, two minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures. For example, both diamond and graph ...
... structure of a crystal, a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern. Each mineral has its own type of crystal structure. In some cases, two minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures. For example, both diamond and graph ...
bicC-DNA manuscript
... as well as for the high-resolution A- and B-form DNA duplexes (22), are listed in Table 2. These parameters show that all the GX9 and the AX8 duplexes adopt the B-form conformation despite the difference in crystal packing. Superimpositions of the present structures onto the unmodified duplex struc ...
... as well as for the high-resolution A- and B-form DNA duplexes (22), are listed in Table 2. These parameters show that all the GX9 and the AX8 duplexes adopt the B-form conformation despite the difference in crystal packing. Superimpositions of the present structures onto the unmodified duplex struc ...
further experimental investigations on the dieléctric losses of quartz
... 1. Introduetion Since our earlier publication 1) on the subject mentioned in the title, a fairly large number of new experiments have been carried out, and it seems appropriate to give an account of the results. In the latter publication we reported two new features of the dielectric behaviour of qu ...
... 1. Introduetion Since our earlier publication 1) on the subject mentioned in the title, a fairly large number of new experiments have been carried out, and it seems appropriate to give an account of the results. In the latter publication we reported two new features of the dielectric behaviour of qu ...
Atomic disordering in YB56 detected by high
... and the defocus value is changed. Low RHREM values of about 0.4 are observed in the range 30± 60 nm, and the minimum RHREM value of 0.251 was obtained at a defocus of 45 nm. In ® gure 7 (c) , the defocus value is ® xed at 45 nm, and the crystal thickness is changed. RHREM values are reduced to 0.3 i ...
... and the defocus value is changed. Low RHREM values of about 0.4 are observed in the range 30± 60 nm, and the minimum RHREM value of 0.251 was obtained at a defocus of 45 nm. In ® gure 7 (c) , the defocus value is ® xed at 45 nm, and the crystal thickness is changed. RHREM values are reduced to 0.3 i ...
Obtaining structural information from the atomic pair
... change Dc2 of the goodness-of-fit c2 before and after the generated move is computed. Every move which improves the fit (Dc2 < 0) is accepted. ‘Bad’ moves worsening the agreement between the observed and calculated PDF are accepted with a probability of P ¼ exp ðDc2 =2Þ. As the value of Dc2 is prop ...
... change Dc2 of the goodness-of-fit c2 before and after the generated move is computed. Every move which improves the fit (Dc2 < 0) is accepted. ‘Bad’ moves worsening the agreement between the observed and calculated PDF are accepted with a probability of P ¼ exp ðDc2 =2Þ. As the value of Dc2 is prop ...
Gemmology Course Outline Lewton-Brain ©86/95/10
... A perfect crystal is bounded by plane faces which meet at angles specific for each kind of material (angle analysis can identify minerals). A crystal may be cleaved in directions related to the external form or to a possible crystal form for the mineral. Sometimes two distinct minerals can have the ...
... A perfect crystal is bounded by plane faces which meet at angles specific for each kind of material (angle analysis can identify minerals). A crystal may be cleaved in directions related to the external form or to a possible crystal form for the mineral. Sometimes two distinct minerals can have the ...
research papers
... information about the radial distribution of atoms, leading to precise determination of bond distances, and X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, which primarily provides information about oxidation state and connectivity, as the near-edge region is more dominated by multiple scattering Fr ...
... information about the radial distribution of atoms, leading to precise determination of bond distances, and X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, which primarily provides information about oxidation state and connectivity, as the near-edge region is more dominated by multiple scattering Fr ...
Porosity in Metal–Organic Compounds - Omar Yaghi
... diffraction. They are composed of tetrahedral Cu(–CN)4 units that have been known to coordination chemists since the early 20th century [34]. These building units are connected through organic moieties with different length and thus propagate into extended networks of varying dimensions. Depending o ...
... diffraction. They are composed of tetrahedral Cu(–CN)4 units that have been known to coordination chemists since the early 20th century [34]. These building units are connected through organic moieties with different length and thus propagate into extended networks of varying dimensions. Depending o ...
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their disorder and various other information.Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the chief method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.In a single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer. The goniometer is used to position the crystal at selected orientations. The crystal is bombarded with a finely focused monochromatic beam of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Poor resolution (fuzziness) or even errors may result if the crystals are too small, or not uniform enough in their internal makeup.X-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. If single crystals of sufficient size cannot be obtained, various other X-ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.For all above mentioned X-ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic; the scattered X-rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X-ray. By contrast, inelastic X-ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution of its atoms.