Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
Evidence that GABA augmentation of norepinephrine release is mediated by interneurons
... fractional release, S2:S1 ratios and S3:S1 ratios have been previously described w4x. For KCl stimulation, slices were perfused as described above for a 40-min washout period at a flow rate of 1 mlr3 min. Following the washout period, up to 20 consecutive 3.0 min fractions were collected for each sl ...
... fractional release, S2:S1 ratios and S3:S1 ratios have been previously described w4x. For KCl stimulation, slices were perfused as described above for a 40-min washout period at a flow rate of 1 mlr3 min. Following the washout period, up to 20 consecutive 3.0 min fractions were collected for each sl ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... neurons receive stronger inhibition from parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons (Lee et al., 2014). Therefore, PT neurons may represent a final convergence point for numerous local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and I ...
... neurons receive stronger inhibition from parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons (Lee et al., 2014). Therefore, PT neurons may represent a final convergence point for numerous local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and I ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... complex, but they appear to be governed by a simple rule based on the structural relationship of pairs of linked areas, which we call the structural model for connections. Structure in this context refers to the number of cortical layers present in a given area, or the overall neuronal density, and ...
... complex, but they appear to be governed by a simple rule based on the structural relationship of pairs of linked areas, which we call the structural model for connections. Structure in this context refers to the number of cortical layers present in a given area, or the overall neuronal density, and ...
An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... onset were placed in medial frontal areas by Farb et al. (2007), and in several frontal, occipital, parietal and cerebellar regions in Hölzel et al. (2007b). Brefczynski-Lewis et al. (2007) used a somewhat longer meditation duration of 2.7 min on average. They found increased activity in what they ...
... onset were placed in medial frontal areas by Farb et al. (2007), and in several frontal, occipital, parietal and cerebellar regions in Hölzel et al. (2007b). Brefczynski-Lewis et al. (2007) used a somewhat longer meditation duration of 2.7 min on average. They found increased activity in what they ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... extensive networks. Each neuron consists of a number of components: a cell body, which contains the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to th ...
... extensive networks. Each neuron consists of a number of components: a cell body, which contains the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to th ...
Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self
... is necessary. Indeed, the development of perceptions, interpretation of language and sensations associated with effort and exertion during exercise involve multiple regions within the brain. The brain is an organ of communication. Neurons within the brain connect in networks that communicate with ea ...
... is necessary. Indeed, the development of perceptions, interpretation of language and sensations associated with effort and exertion during exercise involve multiple regions within the brain. The brain is an organ of communication. Neurons within the brain connect in networks that communicate with ea ...
An unaware agenda: interictal consciousness
... awareness need to be complemented with electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies. The neural signatures of the levels of consciousness can be studied neurophysiologically from neurons to whole brain; and neural markers of conscious awareness by cognitive neuroscience. Notably, as we show below, ...
... awareness need to be complemented with electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies. The neural signatures of the levels of consciousness can be studied neurophysiologically from neurons to whole brain; and neural markers of conscious awareness by cognitive neuroscience. Notably, as we show below, ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... involvement of cathepsin D in amyloidogenic processing of APP by utilizing cathepsin D-deficient mice, age-associated factors such as increased expression and endosomal localization may be required for cathepsin D to work as -secretase (Mathews et al., 2002). 2.3. Lysosomal membrane impermeability ...
... involvement of cathepsin D in amyloidogenic processing of APP by utilizing cathepsin D-deficient mice, age-associated factors such as increased expression and endosomal localization may be required for cathepsin D to work as -secretase (Mathews et al., 2002). 2.3. Lysosomal membrane impermeability ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... cortex. The relevant factors include imaging in the coronal plane, minimizing voxel size in the plane of the imaging, as high a gradient switching frequency as possible (960 Hz), a short echo time of 28 ms, and local shimming for the inferior frontal area. The matrix size was 64 ⫻ 64 and the field o ...
... cortex. The relevant factors include imaging in the coronal plane, minimizing voxel size in the plane of the imaging, as high a gradient switching frequency as possible (960 Hz), a short echo time of 28 ms, and local shimming for the inferior frontal area. The matrix size was 64 ⫻ 64 and the field o ...
BZA BCI Projects
... Most BCIs translate your brain’s electrical activity (EEGs) into messages or commands. ...
... Most BCIs translate your brain’s electrical activity (EEGs) into messages or commands. ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... Sterman, Goodman, & Fairchild, 1979). Finally, in studies of humans with high spinal cord injuries, where clinical trauma has provided for somatosensory deafferentation, a significant enhancement of SMR and sleep spindle activity has been observed as well (Sterman, 1977). We may conclude, therefore, ...
... Sterman, Goodman, & Fairchild, 1979). Finally, in studies of humans with high spinal cord injuries, where clinical trauma has provided for somatosensory deafferentation, a significant enhancement of SMR and sleep spindle activity has been observed as well (Sterman, 1977). We may conclude, therefore, ...
07-pons + midbrain2009-03-24 08:441.9 MB
... neurones that lies in brain stem tegmentum of caudal midbrain & rostral pons. -it is noradrenergic cell group. -it has ascending fibres to cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -function : 1-neural mechanism ...
... neurones that lies in brain stem tegmentum of caudal midbrain & rostral pons. -it is noradrenergic cell group. -it has ascending fibres to cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -function : 1-neural mechanism ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
... intrinsic activity [327] that controls behavioral state — the sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent o ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Your brain is the most important organ in your body. It controls your organs, your behavior and your memories and emotions. Without it, none of these would function – and you wouldn’t be aware of it, because the brain also controls the very basis for human consciousness. Perhaps the last frontier of ...
... Your brain is the most important organ in your body. It controls your organs, your behavior and your memories and emotions. Without it, none of these would function – and you wouldn’t be aware of it, because the brain also controls the very basis for human consciousness. Perhaps the last frontier of ...
BMC Neuroscience
... with each other [15], and with distant sensory and association areas [17-20]. Here we tested whether geographic proximity or cortical type best explains the pattern of commissural projections linking prefrontal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is an ideal model system to investigate patterns of commi ...
... with each other [15], and with distant sensory and association areas [17-20]. Here we tested whether geographic proximity or cortical type best explains the pattern of commissural projections linking prefrontal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is an ideal model system to investigate patterns of commi ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.