Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... organization as in the monkey. However, the areas controlling the hand and mouth are even larger than in monkeys, whereas the area controlling the foot is much smaller. Penfield emphasized that this cartoon illustrated the relative size of the representation of each body part in the motor map; he di ...
... organization as in the monkey. However, the areas controlling the hand and mouth are even larger than in monkeys, whereas the area controlling the foot is much smaller. Penfield emphasized that this cartoon illustrated the relative size of the representation of each body part in the motor map; he di ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... 2004). In addition to the endopiriform nucleus, the deepest part of layer III adjacent to it is also the origin of epileptiform activity (Hoffman and Haberly 1991; Demir et al. 2001). As a consequence of its high seizure susceptibility, the functionality of the piriform cortex has been thoroughly st ...
... 2004). In addition to the endopiriform nucleus, the deepest part of layer III adjacent to it is also the origin of epileptiform activity (Hoffman and Haberly 1991; Demir et al. 2001). As a consequence of its high seizure susceptibility, the functionality of the piriform cortex has been thoroughly st ...
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... was initially observed in task-based neuroimaging studies [5–10] that documented reduced activity across DMN regions during task conditions relative to a resting baseline. Given the nature of the fMRI signal and the potential sources of error, initial concerns arose that these deactivations were spu ...
... was initially observed in task-based neuroimaging studies [5–10] that documented reduced activity across DMN regions during task conditions relative to a resting baseline. Given the nature of the fMRI signal and the potential sources of error, initial concerns arose that these deactivations were spu ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... neurons to implement Hebb’s rule, they must possess a coincidence detector that records the co-concurrence of pre- and postsynaptic (or very rapidly successive) activity. A particular subtype of the glutamate receptor, the NMDA receptor, fulfills this role. In the presence of Glu and postsynaptic de ...
... neurons to implement Hebb’s rule, they must possess a coincidence detector that records the co-concurrence of pre- and postsynaptic (or very rapidly successive) activity. A particular subtype of the glutamate receptor, the NMDA receptor, fulfills this role. In the presence of Glu and postsynaptic de ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... neglect and motor imagery. He has (co)authored more than 30 scientific papers and book chapters and has held several research grants from the Leverhulme Trust, the Scottish Department of Health, and the ...
... neglect and motor imagery. He has (co)authored more than 30 scientific papers and book chapters and has held several research grants from the Leverhulme Trust, the Scottish Department of Health, and the ...
View/Open - eDiss - Georg-August
... of grasshopper. Local brain neurons were recorded from lateral protocerebrum, anterior brain and central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Usin ...
... of grasshopper. Local brain neurons were recorded from lateral protocerebrum, anterior brain and central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Usin ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... Identifying an auditory object involves assigning elements of the incoming sensory input into one or more sources. Several of the cues that are used to group auditory stimuli into objects can be classified as ‘simultaneous cues’ (REF. 11). We automatically group the elements of a visual scene, such ...
... Identifying an auditory object involves assigning elements of the incoming sensory input into one or more sources. Several of the cues that are used to group auditory stimuli into objects can be classified as ‘simultaneous cues’ (REF. 11). We automatically group the elements of a visual scene, such ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... The modulation of the prefrontal cortex by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is thought to play a key role in determining adult anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal ...
... The modulation of the prefrontal cortex by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is thought to play a key role in determining adult anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... Williams and Constanti 1988a). Although brain slice preparations provide controlled conditions for analyzing modulatory effects, it is important to demonstrate that these effects appear in in vivo preparations. This ensures that the effect appears with neuronal release of the modulator in anatomical ...
... Williams and Constanti 1988a). Although brain slice preparations provide controlled conditions for analyzing modulatory effects, it is important to demonstrate that these effects appear in in vivo preparations. This ensures that the effect appears with neuronal release of the modulator in anatomical ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... ASD. Abundant evidence suggests that ASD is associated with functional abnormalities in cortical processing, including abnormalities in functional connectivity. However, there are many seemingly disparate and often contradictory findings in the field, which show functional over-connectivity, functiona ...
... ASD. Abundant evidence suggests that ASD is associated with functional abnormalities in cortical processing, including abnormalities in functional connectivity. However, there are many seemingly disparate and often contradictory findings in the field, which show functional over-connectivity, functiona ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... It was immediately apparent to neurologists that the toposcope could be a great help to locate epileptic foci (the points where a convulsion originates in the brain, due to a local lesion, tumor or functional alteration). However, it was very complex and expensive and it did not achieve commercial s ...
... It was immediately apparent to neurologists that the toposcope could be a great help to locate epileptic foci (the points where a convulsion originates in the brain, due to a local lesion, tumor or functional alteration). However, it was very complex and expensive and it did not achieve commercial s ...
Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7e (Carlson)
... A) administration of drugs such as cocaine or amphetamine. B) drugs that block the action of acetylcholine in the brain. C) removal of the cerebral cortex. D) cutting the corpus callosum. E) electrical stimulation of sub-cortical brain structures. Answer: D Rationale: Epileptic seizures can be contr ...
... A) administration of drugs such as cocaine or amphetamine. B) drugs that block the action of acetylcholine in the brain. C) removal of the cerebral cortex. D) cutting the corpus callosum. E) electrical stimulation of sub-cortical brain structures. Answer: D Rationale: Epileptic seizures can be contr ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... rhythmic activity within the slow (<1 Hz), δ (1–4 Hz), spindle (5–15 Hz) and higher frequencies, with seven cells having the δ rhythm coupled to slow oscillations. The spindle activity recorded in the cuneate was tightly coupled to the thalamo-cortico-thalamic spindle rhythmicity. Bilateral or contr ...
... rhythmic activity within the slow (<1 Hz), δ (1–4 Hz), spindle (5–15 Hz) and higher frequencies, with seven cells having the δ rhythm coupled to slow oscillations. The spindle activity recorded in the cuneate was tightly coupled to the thalamo-cortico-thalamic spindle rhythmicity. Bilateral or contr ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary
... before the brain was sectioned (Lepore, 2001). The photographs of Einstein’s brain were taken from various angles that imaged all external surfaces of the cerebral cortex, the medial surface of each hemisphere and (after dissection of the overlying opercula) the insula of the right hemisphere. Altho ...
... before the brain was sectioned (Lepore, 2001). The photographs of Einstein’s brain were taken from various angles that imaged all external surfaces of the cerebral cortex, the medial surface of each hemisphere and (after dissection of the overlying opercula) the insula of the right hemisphere. Altho ...
Topic - We can offer most test bank and solution manual you need.
... 1. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ______. a) axons c) dendrites b) nerve bundles d) synapses 2. Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse? a) synaptic vesicles c) terminal buttons b) synaptic nodes d ...
... 1. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ______. a) axons c) dendrites b) nerve bundles d) synapses 2. Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse? a) synaptic vesicles c) terminal buttons b) synaptic nodes d ...
The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and
... identification of these regions on structural brain imaging scans. Indeed, many of the controversies in current human neuropsychological research may stem from inadequate control of lesion extent and location, as noted by Squire and Wixted: “The importance of thorough neuroanatomical measurement in ...
... identification of these regions on structural brain imaging scans. Indeed, many of the controversies in current human neuropsychological research may stem from inadequate control of lesion extent and location, as noted by Squire and Wixted: “The importance of thorough neuroanatomical measurement in ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... retina consisting mainly of ganglion cell axons and blood vessels, which generates a visual scotoma known as the blind spot (BS). Information present in the surroundings of the BS can be used to complete the missing information. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these perceptual phenomena ...
... retina consisting mainly of ganglion cell axons and blood vessels, which generates a visual scotoma known as the blind spot (BS). Information present in the surroundings of the BS can be used to complete the missing information. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these perceptual phenomena ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... of sensory processing and may modulate the flow of ascending sensory information (Yezierski et al., 1983) (for review, see Porter and Lemon, 1993). To date, only brief and somewhat conflicting reports have appeared concerning the site of termination of efferents from the SMA (DeVito and Smith, 1959; ...
... of sensory processing and may modulate the flow of ascending sensory information (Yezierski et al., 1983) (for review, see Porter and Lemon, 1993). To date, only brief and somewhat conflicting reports have appeared concerning the site of termination of efferents from the SMA (DeVito and Smith, 1959; ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... system dichotomy and [2] significantly expanding the role of basal gangliathalamocortical functions in behavioral synthesis. He then shows that, in functional-anatomical terms, much of the amygdala emulates cortex and that this is quite consistent with the manner in which the great classical neuroan ...
... system dichotomy and [2] significantly expanding the role of basal gangliathalamocortical functions in behavioral synthesis. He then shows that, in functional-anatomical terms, much of the amygdala emulates cortex and that this is quite consistent with the manner in which the great classical neuroan ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.