Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... of sensory processing and may modulate the flow of ascending sensory information (Yezierski et al., 1983) (for review, see Porter and Lemon, 1993). To date, only brief and somewhat conflicting reports have appeared concerning the site of termination of efferents from the SMA (DeVito and Smith, 1959; ...
... of sensory processing and may modulate the flow of ascending sensory information (Yezierski et al., 1983) (for review, see Porter and Lemon, 1993). To date, only brief and somewhat conflicting reports have appeared concerning the site of termination of efferents from the SMA (DeVito and Smith, 1959; ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... outputs reach the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the pedunculopontine region, in this way influencing descending brain stem projections to the spinal motor apparatus (Parent & Hazrati, 1995; Gerfen ...
... outputs reach the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the pedunculopontine region, in this way influencing descending brain stem projections to the spinal motor apparatus (Parent & Hazrati, 1995; Gerfen ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... entorhinal cortex (depending on AP level). The perirhinal cortex was subdivided into three subregions: rostral (posterior to AP ⫺2.80 in relation to bregma; Paxinos & Watson, 1997), mid (posterior to AP ⫺3.80), and caudal (posterior to AP – 4.80). It should be noted that our rostral perirhinal measu ...
... entorhinal cortex (depending on AP level). The perirhinal cortex was subdivided into three subregions: rostral (posterior to AP ⫺2.80 in relation to bregma; Paxinos & Watson, 1997), mid (posterior to AP ⫺3.80), and caudal (posterior to AP – 4.80). It should be noted that our rostral perirhinal measu ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Figure 3. Night-dominant MUA rhythm in the cortex and state-dependence after 5-HT depletion. A, Frontal cortex MUAs also retain a strong diurnal rhythm after TSOI injection (arrowhead, left panel). Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B, Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the frontal cortex ...
... Figure 3. Night-dominant MUA rhythm in the cortex and state-dependence after 5-HT depletion. A, Frontal cortex MUAs also retain a strong diurnal rhythm after TSOI injection (arrowhead, left panel). Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B, Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the frontal cortex ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
... moves at high speed. Because we are unaware of this sweep, the American psychologist Edwin Holt at the beginning of the 20th century posited that there must be a central anesthesia during the eye movement. But this cannot be true, for there are instances in which vision is quite clear during a sacca ...
... moves at high speed. Because we are unaware of this sweep, the American psychologist Edwin Holt at the beginning of the 20th century posited that there must be a central anesthesia during the eye movement. But this cannot be true, for there are instances in which vision is quite clear during a sacca ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... positive reward prediction error (when a reward outcome is larger than expected) (Schultz, 2013), do not provide the answer to how non-reward is computed for a number of reasons (Rolls, 2014). First, they may reflect only weakly any nonreward, by having somewhat reduced firing rates below their alre ...
... positive reward prediction error (when a reward outcome is larger than expected) (Schultz, 2013), do not provide the answer to how non-reward is computed for a number of reasons (Rolls, 2014). First, they may reflect only weakly any nonreward, by having somewhat reduced firing rates below their alre ...
Resting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to
... network (ECN), and the salience network (SN) (Damoiseaux et al, 2006; Fox and Raichle, 2007; Raichle, 2011). The DMN is active and synchronized when the brain is ‘at rest’ (ie, not engaged with an external task) and is comprised of the posterior cingulate cortex and adjacent precuneus, the medial pr ...
... network (ECN), and the salience network (SN) (Damoiseaux et al, 2006; Fox and Raichle, 2007; Raichle, 2011). The DMN is active and synchronized when the brain is ‘at rest’ (ie, not engaged with an external task) and is comprised of the posterior cingulate cortex and adjacent precuneus, the medial pr ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... During the course of the electrode penetration, binocular and monocular stimuli were presented within the monkey’s field of view during the periods of maintained eye fixation. Frequent determinations of the response properties of the neurons encountered were made by listening to and visually monitor ...
... During the course of the electrode penetration, binocular and monocular stimuli were presented within the monkey’s field of view during the periods of maintained eye fixation. Frequent determinations of the response properties of the neurons encountered were made by listening to and visually monitor ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is processed in the basal ganglia. We propose that the basal ganglia have two ways to control movements using two kinds of output: 1) control over the thalamocortical ...
... with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is processed in the basal ganglia. We propose that the basal ganglia have two ways to control movements using two kinds of output: 1) control over the thalamocortical ...
- TestbankU
... Answer: b The dendrites, which branch off from the cell body, are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The soma, or cell body, also receives signals directly. Skill Level: Conceptual Difficulty: Moderate Page Ref: 41 Textbook LO 2.3: What does each part of the neuron do?, APA LO 5.1b ...
... Answer: b The dendrites, which branch off from the cell body, are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The soma, or cell body, also receives signals directly. Skill Level: Conceptual Difficulty: Moderate Page Ref: 41 Textbook LO 2.3: What does each part of the neuron do?, APA LO 5.1b ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... for that anatomical region. We computed total fluorescence by summation of background-subtracted pixel values and presented this as a fraction of the total (see Fig. 11G,I). To reveal densely targeted smaller structures, such as thalamus, we also normalized for each region’s area; ...
... for that anatomical region. We computed total fluorescence by summation of background-subtracted pixel values and presented this as a fraction of the total (see Fig. 11G,I). To reveal densely targeted smaller structures, such as thalamus, we also normalized for each region’s area; ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... where ‘‘re’’ and ‘‘rp’’ are the average response of the neuron in grasp-toeat and grasp-to-place condition, respectively, during the epoch/ epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the ...
... where ‘‘re’’ and ‘‘rp’’ are the average response of the neuron in grasp-toeat and grasp-to-place condition, respectively, during the epoch/ epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... Overview of the motor system The control of movement is complex and involves many areas of the brain. The main motor areas in the cortex are the primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PM) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). M1 is located in front of the central sulcus and its neurons projec ...
... Overview of the motor system The control of movement is complex and involves many areas of the brain. The main motor areas in the cortex are the primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PM) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). M1 is located in front of the central sulcus and its neurons projec ...
Sample
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1) - test bank and solution manual for your
... a) a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body Correct. The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. b) a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system c) all nerves and neurons that ...
... a) a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body Correct. The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. b) a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system c) all nerves and neurons that ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
Paper
... the Cebus monkey claustrum have not been previously described in detail. The appearance of the claustrum in frontal sections is generally consistent with that of other commonly used laboratory primate species, including the macaque (Pearson et al., 1982; Kowianski et al., 1999), vervet monkey (Kowia ...
... the Cebus monkey claustrum have not been previously described in detail. The appearance of the claustrum in frontal sections is generally consistent with that of other commonly used laboratory primate species, including the macaque (Pearson et al., 1982; Kowianski et al., 1999), vervet monkey (Kowia ...
TINNITUS WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT DO WE NOT KNOW
... involved in common tasks • Several parts of the brain are involved in most tasks • Some parts of the brain can do more than one task • Many parts of the brain interact with each other • The mind can control many functions such as how muscles contract ...
... involved in common tasks • Several parts of the brain are involved in most tasks • Some parts of the brain can do more than one task • Many parts of the brain interact with each other • The mind can control many functions such as how muscles contract ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.