Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... (Fig.2) in accordance with rou¬tine laboratory procedures (Bancroft, Stevens, & Turner, 2008). A photograph of each section was produced using an Olympus BX 51 microscope and a DP 12 digital cam¬era under a magnification of 1000 for Dentate Gyrus (DG) area and 400 for other areas. To measure the are ...
... (Fig.2) in accordance with rou¬tine laboratory procedures (Bancroft, Stevens, & Turner, 2008). A photograph of each section was produced using an Olympus BX 51 microscope and a DP 12 digital cam¬era under a magnification of 1000 for Dentate Gyrus (DG) area and 400 for other areas. To measure the are ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... parvalbumin (PV) positive cells represent the most frequent group and they are widely distributed across all cortical layers (Fig. 1C). The other two types of neurons described by Wegner and coauthors (2003) reveal faintly labelled PNs. One of them represents glutamate-positive excitatory pyramidal ...
... parvalbumin (PV) positive cells represent the most frequent group and they are widely distributed across all cortical layers (Fig. 1C). The other two types of neurons described by Wegner and coauthors (2003) reveal faintly labelled PNs. One of them represents glutamate-positive excitatory pyramidal ...
Prefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in
... temporal lobe (23). Moreover, many studies finding group medial temporal lobe differences rely on region-of-interest methods that restrict analysis to this specific region. Thus, a limitation of a previous activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis (22) was the combination of whole-brain a ...
... temporal lobe (23). Moreover, many studies finding group medial temporal lobe differences rely on region-of-interest methods that restrict analysis to this specific region. Thus, a limitation of a previous activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis (22) was the combination of whole-brain a ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... hypofunction ’ is caused by either intrinsically hypofunctioning NMDA receptors or through excitotoxic loss of NMDA receptor-bearing GABAergic neurons. This state results in excessive dopaminergic input into corticolimbic regions (also see Carlsson et al., 2001) with resultant further hypofunctionin ...
... hypofunction ’ is caused by either intrinsically hypofunctioning NMDA receptors or through excitotoxic loss of NMDA receptor-bearing GABAergic neurons. This state results in excessive dopaminergic input into corticolimbic regions (also see Carlsson et al., 2001) with resultant further hypofunctionin ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
Cortical Involvement During Sustained Lower Limb Contractions
... Despite the critical role of the lower limb during functional tasks such as walking, most studies examining the role of the cortex during muscle contractions have been conducted in upper limb muscles. Modulation of force by the cortex in the lower extremity and the influence of cortical inputs are p ...
... Despite the critical role of the lower limb during functional tasks such as walking, most studies examining the role of the cortex during muscle contractions have been conducted in upper limb muscles. Modulation of force by the cortex in the lower extremity and the influence of cortical inputs are p ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... and Granger causality are interdependence measures. Coherence gauges the degree of synchrony between two distant neural ensembles. Granger causality further evaluates whether one neural ensemble exerts a causal influence on another via synaptic transmission (Brovelli et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2006) ...
... and Granger causality are interdependence measures. Coherence gauges the degree of synchrony between two distant neural ensembles. Granger causality further evaluates whether one neural ensemble exerts a causal influence on another via synaptic transmission (Brovelli et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2006) ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
Cover page
... have further engineered the Ube3a transgene to permit neuron subtype and brain region specific increases of Ube3a gene dosage to enable circuit mapping of the autism-associated behavioral defects. A detailed analysis of circuit-specific changes in gene expression (ribotag) and physiology (optogeneti ...
... have further engineered the Ube3a transgene to permit neuron subtype and brain region specific increases of Ube3a gene dosage to enable circuit mapping of the autism-associated behavioral defects. A detailed analysis of circuit-specific changes in gene expression (ribotag) and physiology (optogeneti ...
A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial
... help researchers identify the location of all MTL subregions, relative to their neighboring structures, even when only some MTL structures are specifically targeted for analyses. This will not only increase localization accuracy but will also help tracers make informed decisions in cases of morpholo ...
... help researchers identify the location of all MTL subregions, relative to their neighboring structures, even when only some MTL structures are specifically targeted for analyses. This will not only increase localization accuracy but will also help tracers make informed decisions in cases of morpholo ...
Low Quality
... says. That’s not enough to make up for missing out on eating, mating or any of the other waking activities an animal does to survive. “It’s a few more nuts. It’s not worth it. You’d rather be awake avoiding predators,” he says. But sleep must provide some benefit that outweighs waking activities, Kr ...
... says. That’s not enough to make up for missing out on eating, mating or any of the other waking activities an animal does to survive. “It’s a few more nuts. It’s not worth it. You’d rather be awake avoiding predators,” he says. But sleep must provide some benefit that outweighs waking activities, Kr ...
Radical Enactivism, Wittgenstein and the cognitive gap
... experience is hard for the radical enactivist to draw…[On the REC proposal, not] only are creatures with basic minds, who are without fully-formed conceptual abilities, thus unable to undergo perceptual illusions, it is difficult to see how to resist this conclusion even for adult human perceivers o ...
... experience is hard for the radical enactivist to draw…[On the REC proposal, not] only are creatures with basic minds, who are without fully-formed conceptual abilities, thus unable to undergo perceptual illusions, it is difficult to see how to resist this conclusion even for adult human perceivers o ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. In the manual task, one of three response keys had to be pressed according to the particular visual stimulus shown. Stimuli cuing the responses (simple ...
... the task. In the baseline scan, the subjects were not required to execute any responses other than fixating the center of the screen. &%MZU/ tcrsL~. In the manual task, one of three response keys had to be pressed according to the particular visual stimulus shown. Stimuli cuing the responses (simple ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
Synchronous vs. Conjunctive Binding: A False Dichotomy? Robert F. Hadley ()
... In what follows, I take it as a working hypothesis that for each set of neurons, whose joint activations reliably qualify as representing a given concept, C (whether C is a role or a filler), there does exist such a clique. Also, due to conditions (a) and (b), above, it follows that the activation o ...
... In what follows, I take it as a working hypothesis that for each set of neurons, whose joint activations reliably qualify as representing a given concept, C (whether C is a role or a filler), there does exist such a clique. Also, due to conditions (a) and (b), above, it follows that the activation o ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
... BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cluster size. This model estimated that cluster diameter is several hundreds of microns, which is comparable to the cluster size estimated in other studies in monkey M1. Given these results, the ...
The continuous performance test: a window on
... Clinical studies, for example, found that patients with damage to the limbic system were more likely to tire easily, be distractible, and be unable to sustain attention over time. Similarly, studies of patients with severe frontal damage consistently reported difficulty with sustaining attention and ...
... Clinical studies, for example, found that patients with damage to the limbic system were more likely to tire easily, be distractible, and be unable to sustain attention over time. Similarly, studies of patients with severe frontal damage consistently reported difficulty with sustaining attention and ...
Comparing the Functional Representations of Central and Border
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... changes along a single line on the cortex have also been used to provide a more detailed spectral picture of the changes occurring during functional activation.32,33 Calculation of hemoglobin concentrations from such measurements is not trivial, as the effects of scattering must be considered, and t ...
... changes along a single line on the cortex have also been used to provide a more detailed spectral picture of the changes occurring during functional activation.32,33 Calculation of hemoglobin concentrations from such measurements is not trivial, as the effects of scattering must be considered, and t ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... Central inputs to A2 neurons. Retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing studies have revealed a wide array of brain stem and forebrain nuclei that project directly to the visceral NST and may participate in recruitment of A2 neurons. As summarized in Table 1, these include various regions of the medu ...
... Central inputs to A2 neurons. Retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing studies have revealed a wide array of brain stem and forebrain nuclei that project directly to the visceral NST and may participate in recruitment of A2 neurons. As summarized in Table 1, these include various regions of the medu ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... could drive a subpopulation of STN cells to fire at a higher, but regular firing. Thus, the authors suggested that the firing pattern, rather than the firing rate, of the STN neurons could account for the therapeutic effects of DBS. Caution must be exercised in the interpretation of in vitro experim ...
... could drive a subpopulation of STN cells to fire at a higher, but regular firing. Thus, the authors suggested that the firing pattern, rather than the firing rate, of the STN neurons could account for the therapeutic effects of DBS. Caution must be exercised in the interpretation of in vitro experim ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... of the cortical matrix. The G29 × 29 subgraph suggests an unexpectedly high incidence of unidirectional links. The directed and weighted G29 × 91 connectivity matrix for the macaque will be valuable for comparison with connectivity analyses in other species, including humans. It will also inform fut ...
... of the cortical matrix. The G29 × 29 subgraph suggests an unexpectedly high incidence of unidirectional links. The directed and weighted G29 × 91 connectivity matrix for the macaque will be valuable for comparison with connectivity analyses in other species, including humans. It will also inform fut ...
Daniel Dennett on the Nature of Consciousness
... first-person experience of consciousness leads us to Cartesian Materialism. Yet Dennett argues that given certain philosophical considerations, together with certain work in the psychology and neuroscience of consciousness, our sense of being in a Cartesian Theater is illusory. Dennett’s critique of ...
... first-person experience of consciousness leads us to Cartesian Materialism. Yet Dennett argues that given certain philosophical considerations, together with certain work in the psychology and neuroscience of consciousness, our sense of being in a Cartesian Theater is illusory. Dennett’s critique of ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
Chronic stress prior to hippocampal stroke
... Furthermore, each investigation of non-goal ziggurats (i.e., nonbaited ziggurats) was considered an error. In other words, behaviours such as climbing onto incorrect ziggurats and touching the circular holes with the nose have been defined as errors. It should be pointed out that rats in ZT can make ...
... Furthermore, each investigation of non-goal ziggurats (i.e., nonbaited ziggurats) was considered an error. In other words, behaviours such as climbing onto incorrect ziggurats and touching the circular holes with the nose have been defined as errors. It should be pointed out that rats in ZT can make ...