Convergent grey and white matter evidence of
... ‘stop signal’ is sounded shortly after the presentation of the usual stimulus, which indicates that the subject has to inhibit its response on that particular trial. The presentation lag of the stop signal is varied across trials and longer delays making it harder to inhibit responses than that for ...
... ‘stop signal’ is sounded shortly after the presentation of the usual stimulus, which indicates that the subject has to inhibit its response on that particular trial. The presentation lag of the stop signal is varied across trials and longer delays making it harder to inhibit responses than that for ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... in nonhuman primates, it is nevertheless important to demonstrate directly the existence of homologous pathways in the human brain. One important connection below the PPN region is from the cerebellum, which passes via the superior cerebellar peduncle (Fig. 1 left). The cerebellar deep nuclei are kn ...
... in nonhuman primates, it is nevertheless important to demonstrate directly the existence of homologous pathways in the human brain. One important connection below the PPN region is from the cerebellum, which passes via the superior cerebellar peduncle (Fig. 1 left). The cerebellar deep nuclei are kn ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... transported tracers into the SC in order to label neurons in cortex.14–18 Studies based on injections in the SC allow the magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection ...
... transported tracers into the SC in order to label neurons in cortex.14–18 Studies based on injections in the SC allow the magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... stimulus that had been presented earlier. Novel or ‘trial unique’ stimuli are used on each trial. Depending on which version of the task is used, the experimental animal chooses either the ‘matching’ stimulus or the novel ‘non-matching’ stimulus to receive a food reward. Memory is assessed by increa ...
... stimulus that had been presented earlier. Novel or ‘trial unique’ stimuli are used on each trial. Depending on which version of the task is used, the experimental animal chooses either the ‘matching’ stimulus or the novel ‘non-matching’ stimulus to receive a food reward. Memory is assessed by increa ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and
... modalities: somatosensory (green, 10%), auditory (red, 3%), motor (magenta, 8%), and olfactory (brown, 1%). Unassigned cortex (gray, 25%) is mostly cognitive or emotional in function, but is not subdivided along these lines in the figure. ...
... modalities: somatosensory (green, 10%), auditory (red, 3%), motor (magenta, 8%), and olfactory (brown, 1%). Unassigned cortex (gray, 25%) is mostly cognitive or emotional in function, but is not subdivided along these lines in the figure. ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... of the next appropriate action. Simulations demonstrate how these mechanisms can guide performance in a range of goaldirected tasks, and provide a functional framework for some of the neuronal responses previously observed in the medial prefrontal cortex during performance of spatial memory tasks in ...
... of the next appropriate action. Simulations demonstrate how these mechanisms can guide performance in a range of goaldirected tasks, and provide a functional framework for some of the neuronal responses previously observed in the medial prefrontal cortex during performance of spatial memory tasks in ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... type relies on broad structural features shared by more than one architectonic area, including the number and distinction of identifiable layers. In the prefrontal cortex we previously identified several types of cortices, ranging from agranular, which have only three identifiable layers, to eulamin ...
... type relies on broad structural features shared by more than one architectonic area, including the number and distinction of identifiable layers. In the prefrontal cortex we previously identified several types of cortices, ranging from agranular, which have only three identifiable layers, to eulamin ...
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations
... Leanne R. Young, PhD The University of Texas at Dallas, 2016 ABSTRACT Supervising Professor: Daniel C. Krawczyk, PhD ...
... Leanne R. Young, PhD The University of Texas at Dallas, 2016 ABSTRACT Supervising Professor: Daniel C. Krawczyk, PhD ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... Very recently, it was reported that the most lateral part of S1 in rats receives input from vagal afferents (Ito 2002). This provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with th ...
... Very recently, it was reported that the most lateral part of S1 in rats receives input from vagal afferents (Ito 2002). This provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with th ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... monkeys are trained to perform a task in order to obtain a certain amount of reward. If the reward is absent (e.g. due to poor performance) or reduced in amount experimentally, some ACC neurons are excited [8–12]. Task-selectivity of ACC neurons is strongest after switching and declines thereafter, ...
... monkeys are trained to perform a task in order to obtain a certain amount of reward. If the reward is absent (e.g. due to poor performance) or reduced in amount experimentally, some ACC neurons are excited [8–12]. Task-selectivity of ACC neurons is strongest after switching and declines thereafter, ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
... cortices partially overlapped, projections showed a general topography. The posterior part of the nucleus basalis projected preferentially to lateral prefrontal areas while its rostrally adjacent sectors projected to medial and orbitofrontal cortices. The diagonal band nuclei projected to orbitofron ...
Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana
... during prolonged use creates a transition from the rewarding effects of the drug to the withdrawal effects of the drug. This theory coincides with behavioral models of addiction that describe continued use of the drug in such chronic states as a desire to avoid negative states such as withdrawal or ...
... during prolonged use creates a transition from the rewarding effects of the drug to the withdrawal effects of the drug. This theory coincides with behavioral models of addiction that describe continued use of the drug in such chronic states as a desire to avoid negative states such as withdrawal or ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... higher activity for the raisin than for the apple (Figure 3; [15]). Such neurons appear to be sensitive to the reward that has the highest utility at a given moment for the animal. The difference in neural activity between the lowest and the highest utility increases the gain of coding and thus enha ...
... higher activity for the raisin than for the apple (Figure 3; [15]). Such neurons appear to be sensitive to the reward that has the highest utility at a given moment for the animal. The difference in neural activity between the lowest and the highest utility increases the gain of coding and thus enha ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et al., 1986), mice (Carvell and Simons, 1987), and rats (Koralek et al., 1990; Li et al., 1990; Fabri and Burton, 1991). Based on this line of evidence, and in addition to the welldescribed thalamic ventral poster ...
... 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et al., 1986), mice (Carvell and Simons, 1987), and rats (Koralek et al., 1990; Li et al., 1990; Fabri and Burton, 1991). Based on this line of evidence, and in addition to the welldescribed thalamic ventral poster ...
Neural Effects of Positive and Negative Incentives during
... during prolonged use creates a transition from the rewarding effects of the drug to the withdrawal effects of the drug. This theory coincides with behavioral models of addiction that describe continued use of the drug in such chronic states as a desire to avoid negative states such as withdrawal or ...
... during prolonged use creates a transition from the rewarding effects of the drug to the withdrawal effects of the drug. This theory coincides with behavioral models of addiction that describe continued use of the drug in such chronic states as a desire to avoid negative states such as withdrawal or ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... next (Van Essen et al., 1984; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1987). This is compounded by substantial variability in the exact pattern of convolutions and in the location of areal boundaries relative to gyral and sulcal landmarks A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific c ...
... next (Van Essen et al., 1984; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1987). This is compounded by substantial variability in the exact pattern of convolutions and in the location of areal boundaries relative to gyral and sulcal landmarks A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific c ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... activity during delivery of appetitive and aversive outcomes. Much less is known about modulation by salience during sampling of cues that predict outcomes. Notably, modulation of amygdala firing for cues that predict appetitive and aversive outcomes appears to occur in separate neurons, suggesting ...
... activity during delivery of appetitive and aversive outcomes. Much less is known about modulation by salience during sampling of cues that predict outcomes. Notably, modulation of amygdala firing for cues that predict appetitive and aversive outcomes appears to occur in separate neurons, suggesting ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian rhythms including the dorsomedial nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coup ...
... hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian rhythms including the dorsomedial nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coup ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... ignored by many. The irony is that, while particular cortical areas such as the primary visual area or the primary somatosensory area have become the focus of intensive research because they are uniquely identifiable, findings on the structure and function of these cortical areas, in many cases, con ...
... ignored by many. The irony is that, while particular cortical areas such as the primary visual area or the primary somatosensory area have become the focus of intensive research because they are uniquely identifiable, findings on the structure and function of these cortical areas, in many cases, con ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Therefore the region is distinguished due to the distinct neural connections and the distinct functions it performs. It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which the eyes are located. Considerable individual variability has been found in the OFC of both humans and non-human primates. A related area is found in rodents.