Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... the cortical cholinergic projection is one neural substrate of this modulation. This hypothesis is based in part on the findings that acetylcholine (ACh) is released in cortex on arousal and sensory stimulation (Celesia and Jasper 1966; Phillis and Chong 1965), and that iontophoretically applied ACh ...
... the cortical cholinergic projection is one neural substrate of this modulation. This hypothesis is based in part on the findings that acetylcholine (ACh) is released in cortex on arousal and sensory stimulation (Celesia and Jasper 1966; Phillis and Chong 1965), and that iontophoretically applied ACh ...
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... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In consideration of all of these findings, then, it appears that VGluT2-ir is a general marker of the glutamatergic thalamocortical pro ...
... (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In consideration of all of these findings, then, it appears that VGluT2-ir is a general marker of the glutamatergic thalamocortical pro ...
Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of
... Long-term memory for an event can be enhanced or reduced by manipulations performed in the hours after learning. Susceptibility of recently formed memories to post-learning manipulations was seen with electroconvulsive shocks, protein synthesis inhibitors, electrical stimulation or drug injections i ...
... Long-term memory for an event can be enhanced or reduced by manipulations performed in the hours after learning. Susceptibility of recently formed memories to post-learning manipulations was seen with electroconvulsive shocks, protein synthesis inhibitors, electrical stimulation or drug injections i ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... have shown that the perirhinal cortex has numerous reciprocal connections with a number of cortical areas in the temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal cortex, both sensory and associative in function. Thus, it is a site of polymodal convergence where particular sensory systems can be introduced ...
... have shown that the perirhinal cortex has numerous reciprocal connections with a number of cortical areas in the temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal cortex, both sensory and associative in function. Thus, it is a site of polymodal convergence where particular sensory systems can be introduced ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... nervous system. Topics investigated in my field include human information processing, attention, coordination, sensory and central contributions to motor control, etc. Studies in these areas involve treating the brain like a black box. I can study the stages of information processing without answeri ...
... nervous system. Topics investigated in my field include human information processing, attention, coordination, sensory and central contributions to motor control, etc. Studies in these areas involve treating the brain like a black box. I can study the stages of information processing without answeri ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... mammalian primary visual isocortex. (ii) That projections to a sensory three-layered cortex lack the functional, developmental or molecular substrates for spatial or functional segregation. Some have indeed argued that this diffuse organization represents the primordial structure of sensory cortex, ...
... mammalian primary visual isocortex. (ii) That projections to a sensory three-layered cortex lack the functional, developmental or molecular substrates for spatial or functional segregation. Some have indeed argued that this diffuse organization represents the primordial structure of sensory cortex, ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... sensory modalities was observed. In contrast, in areas located along the medial aspect of the hemisphere, cells connected to different sensory modality representations tended to be segregated from each other. Postsubicular cortex (areas 48/49) contained both intermingled and segregated groups of cel ...
... sensory modalities was observed. In contrast, in areas located along the medial aspect of the hemisphere, cells connected to different sensory modality representations tended to be segregated from each other. Postsubicular cortex (areas 48/49) contained both intermingled and segregated groups of cel ...
New Features of Connectivity in Piriform Cortex Visualized by
... (Tanabe et al., 1975; Schoenbaum and Eichenbaum, 1995), in contrast to the exquisite selectivity exhibited by cells in primary sensory areas in neocortex. Studies with extracellularly injected axon tracers have shown that associational (cortico-cortical) projections from restricted regions of pirifo ...
... (Tanabe et al., 1975; Schoenbaum and Eichenbaum, 1995), in contrast to the exquisite selectivity exhibited by cells in primary sensory areas in neocortex. Studies with extracellularly injected axon tracers have shown that associational (cortico-cortical) projections from restricted regions of pirifo ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... responses to instructions, activations preceding reinforcers, or responses to reinforcers. Most activations reflected the reinforcing event rather than other task components. Instruction responses occurred either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and non ...
... responses to instructions, activations preceding reinforcers, or responses to reinforcers. Most activations reflected the reinforcing event rather than other task components. Instruction responses occurred either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and non ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... of projections to the AM nucleus from all prefrontal cortices, as well as from temporal structures and the hypothalamic mammillary body, known for their role in distinct aspects of memory and emotion. We addressed this issue with targeted injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers in the AM nucleu ...
... of projections to the AM nucleus from all prefrontal cortices, as well as from temporal structures and the hypothalamic mammillary body, known for their role in distinct aspects of memory and emotion. We addressed this issue with targeted injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers in the AM nucleu ...
Neural Mechanisms of Subclinical Depressive
... manner [7,8], and numerous investigations have demonstrated abnormal recruitment of prefrontal cortical regions while individuals with MDD actively regulate responses to emotional stimuli [9,10]. For example, Johnstone and colleagues [6] reported that when instructed to reappraise negatively valence ...
... manner [7,8], and numerous investigations have demonstrated abnormal recruitment of prefrontal cortical regions while individuals with MDD actively regulate responses to emotional stimuli [9,10]. For example, Johnstone and colleagues [6] reported that when instructed to reappraise negatively valence ...
Investigation of the central regulation of taste perception and
... fundamental significance. It has to be noted as well, that similar disturbances could be induced by the lesion of several brain regions such as the tegmentum6, substantia nigra7, nucleus accumbens8 or the temoporal lobe.9 In the investigation of the regulation of feeding, the question emerges, which ...
... fundamental significance. It has to be noted as well, that similar disturbances could be induced by the lesion of several brain regions such as the tegmentum6, substantia nigra7, nucleus accumbens8 or the temoporal lobe.9 In the investigation of the regulation of feeding, the question emerges, which ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... and physical punishment may be processed differently, and neural responses to monetary losses may be considered to reflect neural reward rather than punishment processing. In appetitive and aversive associative learning, the prediction error (PE) is an index that brings the anticipation and receipt ...
... and physical punishment may be processed differently, and neural responses to monetary losses may be considered to reflect neural reward rather than punishment processing. In appetitive and aversive associative learning, the prediction error (PE) is an index that brings the anticipation and receipt ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex have synergistic roles in regulating purposive behavior (Schoenbaum et al., 2000; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; reviewed in Barbas, 2000; Bechara et al., 2000). The amygdala appears to extract the affective significance of stimuli, and the prefrontal cortex guide ...
... The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex have synergistic roles in regulating purposive behavior (Schoenbaum et al., 2000; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; reviewed in Barbas, 2000; Bechara et al., 2000). The amygdala appears to extract the affective significance of stimuli, and the prefrontal cortex guide ...
Columbia`s psychology
... may be an abnormally elevated fear response. Based on animal models of fear learning (3, 4), this hypothesis leads to the prediction that amygdalar dysfunction is common to a variety of anxiety disorders. Indeed, amygdalar hyperactivity has been observed during symptom provocation or negative emotio ...
... may be an abnormally elevated fear response. Based on animal models of fear learning (3, 4), this hypothesis leads to the prediction that amygdalar dysfunction is common to a variety of anxiety disorders. Indeed, amygdalar hyperactivity has been observed during symptom provocation or negative emotio ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
memory systems in the brain
... become reinforcing by learning, through their association with primary reinforcers, thereby becoming secondary reinforcers. This type of learning may thus be called stimulus-reinforcement association learning. For example, fear is an emotional state that might be produced by a sound (the conditioned ...
... become reinforcing by learning, through their association with primary reinforcers, thereby becoming secondary reinforcers. This type of learning may thus be called stimulus-reinforcement association learning. For example, fear is an emotional state that might be produced by a sound (the conditioned ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used f ...
... However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used f ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
... Figure 3. Location of injection site in lateral PE (case 1) and cortical distribution of retrograde-labeled cells. Sagittal sections (A–F ) were taken at the levels indicated on the brain silhouette. Bottom right, Two-dimensional reconstruction illustrating the distribution and density of labeled ce ...
... Figure 3. Location of injection site in lateral PE (case 1) and cortical distribution of retrograde-labeled cells. Sagittal sections (A–F ) were taken at the levels indicated on the brain silhouette. Bottom right, Two-dimensional reconstruction illustrating the distribution and density of labeled ce ...
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala
... 8). We investigated limbic-prefrontal and arousal dysfunction in schizophrenia during perception of facial expressions. A growing number of studies have observed that impairments in facial emotion perception in schizophrenia patients are most pronounced for threat-related expressions such as fear (9 ...
... 8). We investigated limbic-prefrontal and arousal dysfunction in schizophrenia during perception of facial expressions. A growing number of studies have observed that impairments in facial emotion perception in schizophrenia patients are most pronounced for threat-related expressions such as fear (9 ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... –Conscious Memories –Awareness –Detailed Information ...
... –Conscious Memories –Awareness –Detailed Information ...
The Basal Ganglia - The Brain from Top to Bottom
... Athetosis (G. without position) is characterised by slow, writhing movements that are most pronounced in the hands and fingers. The patient may be unable to keep the affected limb in a fixed position. The responsible lesion seems to be in the striatum. All intermediate forms between chorea and athet ...
... Athetosis (G. without position) is characterised by slow, writhing movements that are most pronounced in the hands and fingers. The patient may be unable to keep the affected limb in a fixed position. The responsible lesion seems to be in the striatum. All intermediate forms between chorea and athet ...
The Neurocircuitry of Impaired Insight in Drug Addiction
... that encompassed the left insula; conversely, the rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was equally active for both error types32. Similar neuroanatomical dissociations have been observed using an anti-saccade task33. Further functional dissociations between these cortices on cognitive contro ...
... that encompassed the left insula; conversely, the rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was equally active for both error types32. Similar neuroanatomical dissociations have been observed using an anti-saccade task33. Further functional dissociations between these cortices on cognitive contro ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... 1997a). In addition, research has consistently found an association between reduced right parietal activity and depression (especially with anxiety partialled out; e.g., Bruder et al., 1997; Flor-Henry, 1979; Keller et al., 2000; Uytdenhoef et al., 1983; for review, see Levin et al., 2007) and betwe ...
... 1997a). In addition, research has consistently found an association between reduced right parietal activity and depression (especially with anxiety partialled out; e.g., Bruder et al., 1997; Flor-Henry, 1979; Keller et al., 2000; Uytdenhoef et al., 1983; for review, see Levin et al., 2007) and betwe ...
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Therefore the region is distinguished due to the distinct neural connections and the distinct functions it performs. It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which the eyes are located. Considerable individual variability has been found in the OFC of both humans and non-human primates. A related area is found in rodents.